• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.361-367
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• 2004

In this study, a different UV (ultra-violet) ray absorption system is presented in which butyl methoxydiben-zoylmethane (BMDM, a model UV-A absorbent, 320$\~$400 nm) is stabilized in phase-controlled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres. The photochemistry of BMDM in the microspheres was investigated considering its phase characteristics therein. The analysis of a differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffractometer showed that the BMDM in the microspheres was present with a non-crystalline state. The phase control of BMDM in the polymer microsphere has an excellent ability to protect UV-A with maintaining its photo- and thermal stability. The results obtained in this study illustrate well that the phase control of the UV absorbents in the polymer microspheres is another key factor that de-termines its photochemistry and photostability in the final formulations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Seaweeds have been reported to have various health beneficial effects. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of four types of domestic brown seaweeds in a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). MATERIALS/METHODS: Male C57BL/6N mice were fed low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing Undaria Pinnatifida, HFD containing Laminaria Japonica (LJ), HFD containing Sargassum Fulvellum, or HFD containing Hizikia Fusiforme (HF) for 16 weeks. RESULTS: Brown seaweed supplementation did not affect long-term HFD-associated changes in body weight or adiposity, although mice fed HFD + LJ or HFD + HF gained slightly less body weight compared with those fed HFD at the beginning of feeding. Despite being obese, mice fed HFD + LJ appeared to show improved insulin sensitivity compared to mice fed HFD. Consistently, we observed significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in mice fed HFD + LJ compared with those of mice fed HFD. Although no significant differences in adipocyte size were detected among the HFD-fed groups, consumption of seaweeds decreased formation of HFD-induced crown-like structures in gonadal adipose tissue as well as plasma inflammatory cytokines. BMDM from mice fed HFDs with seaweeds showed differential regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 compared with BMDM from mice fed HFD by LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION: Although seaweed consumption did not prevent long-term HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice, it reduced insulin resistance (IR) and circulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, seaweeds may ameliorate systemic inflammation and IR in obesity partially due to inhibition of inflammatory signaling in adipose tissue cells as well as bone marrow-derived immune cells.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.370-377
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• 2010

This study evaluated SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of various quntity and kind of sunscreen ingredients which is used in O/W and W/O emulsion by systematic and quantitative approach. Octylmethoxycinnamate(OMC), Buthylmethoxydibenzoylmethan (BMDM), Octocrylene (OC), Octylsalicylate(OS), Octyl Triazone (OT), Titanium dioxide (TD) are used for the experiment. As a result, when different chemical sunscreen ingredients are added to OMC, the synergy effect of SPF was high in order of BMDM, OC, OS, OT. There was no significant difference in O/W and W/O emulsions. It can be a guide to use sunscreen ingredients effectively when the relation between the results of in vitro SPF and in vivo SPF is comprehended.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.353-357
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• 2018

Previous studies have suggested that rice bran oil (RBO), an edible oil from the byproducts of rice milling, has anti-inflammatory effects in inflammation inducing macrophages, known as M1 subsets. Yet the effects of RBO on the counterpart M2 subsets, the "healing" macrophages, were poorly investigated to date. In this regard, recent studies on the molecular/cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dietary components have demonstrated that mitochondrial respiration contributes to macrophage functioning. Therefore, the current study examined whether RBO regulates cytokine secretion by modulating mitochondrial metabolism in wound healing M2 subsets. Palm oil (PO), enriched with medium-chain fatty acids, served as a positive control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing either corn oil (CO), PO or RBO for 4 weeks, followed by purification of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from their tibias and femurs. Cells were further polarized to M2-BMDM, and the expression of M2 marker (CD206) on cellular surfaces were not affected by dietary intervention. In addition, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the culture supernatant was not affected by dietary lipids. Oxygen consumption rate, the indicator of mitochondrial respiration in M2-BMDM was not regulated by RBO intervention and PO treatment. Taken together, this study imply that RBO did not intervene both the regulation of inflammatory responses and mitochondrial respiration in M2 macrophages.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1998

Consumers have recently preferred to purchase extensive UV intercepting products, which are waterproof and free from side effects on skin. During the testing of cytotoxicity (in-vitro) in neutral red (NR) method, cell survival ratio of UV-B interceptors decreased to just above 0.08 w/v%, and it was observed that the UV-A interceptors the ratio also decreased to just above 0.06 w/v%. In addition patch-tests of inorganic UV interceptors resulted in no skin irritation even below 10.0 and 11.25. In absorption curves, UV-B was most suitable for octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) and UV-A for butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane (BMDM). For this reason, $Nylonpoly^{TM}$ UVA/UVB the material of OMC and BMDM coated with Nylon & polyethylene, was used as the organic UV interceptor. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) was used as inorganic UV interceptors. The appropriate mixture ratio of ZnO and $TiO_2$ was 6 to 4:6% of ZnO, 4% of $TiO_2$ and 5% of $Nylonpoly^{TM}$ UVA/UVB were all combined and added to our sunscreen cream. The SPF value of in-vitro was 38.9. In practical application, each sun protection factor (SPF) duration of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion and water-in-silicone (W/S) emulsion containing sunscreen cream of the same content showed that W/S type of sunscreen cream was 5 times as durable as the other. Therefore, this product is fit for use in swimming, climbing or skiing. This research is to minimize skin trouble caused by UV interceptors and to make one with proper softness, skin safety and UV intercepting efficiency.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.246-252
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• 2002

In recent years, the safety of sunscreens has been challenged based on the reports of their adverse effect on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis and photo allergic contact dermatitis. The unscientific idea that higher SPF sunsreen is good for health mealeads many users to tend to prefer higher SPF sunscreen. In the toxicological aspect, the need to investigate the safety of sunscreens is steadily increasing. However, there were few studies on the correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens. The objective of this study was to assess whether there was a correlation between SPF and the safety of sunscreens. We measured in vitro SPF index using homosalate as a standard and examined the toxicity tests such as primary skin irritation tests, ocular irritation test and skin sensitization test. Homosalate (HS), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), octyl salicylate (OS), octocrylene (OC) as UVB organic filter and benzophenone-3 (BP3), butyl methoxy dibenzoil methane (BMDM) as UVA organic filter, and titanium dioxide (TD), zinc oxide (ZO) as inorganic filters were used. The skin irritation indexes in rabbits treated with HS, OMC, OS, BP3, and BMDM were significantly increased as SPF indices were increased. Neither ocular irritation in rabbits nor skin sensitization in guinea pigs were increased. It suggests that there might be a good correlation between SPF and the skin irritation indices of organic UV filters and skin irritation might be one of most sensitive index to assess the safety of sunscreens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.445-451
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• 2016

This study demonstrated the immunological effects of methanol extracts from Doenjang added with wild plants (Pteridium aquilinum and Aster scaber) on bone-marrow derived macrophages and mouse splenocytes. Doenjang (DJ) and wild plant added Doenjang (WPDJ) extracts were treated to bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) and splenocytes, and cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured. Cell proliferation of BMDM and splenocytes was more highly elevated in the WPDJ-treated group compared to the DJ-treated group. Cytokine [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, and IL-12] production in BMDM also significantly increased in the WPDJ-treated group. Similarly, in the case of cytokine production in splenocytes, WPDJ treatment highly increased production of Th 1 type cytokines [interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ and IL-2] but did not affect production of Th 2 type cytokines (IL-4). These results suggest that wild plants could improve the immunomodulatory activity of Doenjang and may be effective for the development Doenjang.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

Accumulation of tissue macrophages is a significant characteristic of disease-associated chronic inflammation, and facilitates the progression of disease pathology. However, the functional roles of these bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in aging are unclear. Here, we identified age-dependent macrophage accumulation in the bone marrow, showing that aging significantly increases the number of M1 macrophages and impairs polarization of BMDMs. We found that age-related dysregulation of BMDMs is associated with abnormal overexpression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10. BMDM dysregulation in aging impairs the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and genes involved in B-cell maturation and activation. Phagocytosis of apoptotic Jurkat cells by BMDMs was reduced because of low expression of phagocytic receptor CD14, indicating that increased apoptotic cells may result from defective phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the BM of aged mice. Therefore, CD14 may represent a promising target for preventing BMDM dysregulation, and macrophage accumulation may provide diagnostic and therapeutic clues.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1122-1128
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• 2017

Pumpkin has long been used as traditional health materials in oriental medicine, pharmacy, medicine, and food industries in many countries. In this study, the water extract and two active components from tendril of young C. moschata Duch. were investigated on inflammation inhibitory activity. The water extract of young C. moschata Duch. showed high cell viability over 95% and it decreased the production of interlukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the capacity of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Also, isolated fraction (B4) suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Among the domestically cultivated pumpkins, B4 fraction contained in the tendril part of them and it comprised of the order of tendril from Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica, old of C. moschata Duch., and young of C. moschata Duch. These results suggest that water extracts of C. moschata Duch. and purified active compound, rutin, show anti-inflammation activity by suppression of the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. It can be applicable as pharmaceutical materials.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.359-364
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• 2023

KAI1/CD82, a membrane tetraspanin protein, can prevent various cancers and retinal disorders through its anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic capacity. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effect and molecular mechanism. Therefore, the present study aimed to inLPSvestigate effect of a recombinant protein of the large extracellular domain of human KAI1 (Gly 111-Leu 228, rhKAI1) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and to identify its underlying mechanism. Our data showed that rhKAI1 suppressed expression levels of classically macrophages (M1) phenotype-related surface markers F4/80+CD86+ in LPS-stimulated BMDM and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, LPS markedly increased mRNA expression and release levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, whereas these increases were substantially down-regulated by rhKAI1. Furthermore, LPS strongly increased expression of NF-κB p65 in the nuclei and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK. However, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of JNK were greatly reversed in the presence of rhKAI1. Especially, rhKAI1 markedly suppressed expression of toll-like receptor (TLR4) and prevented binding of LPS with TLR4 through molecular docking predict analysis. Importantly, Glu 214 of rhKAI1 residue strongly interacted with Lys 360 of TLR4 residue, with a binding distance of 2.9 Å. Taken together, these findings suggest that rhKAI1 has an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-polarized macrophages by interacting with TLR4 and down-regulating the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway.