• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.979-989
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• 2015

Machine to Machine (M2M) technology has gained attention due to the fast diffusion of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and smart devices. Most wireless network experts believe that Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Communications technology in an iBeacon network has amazing advantages in terms of providing communication services at a low cost in smartphone applications. Specifically, BLE does not require any pairing process during its communication phases, so it is possible to send a message to any node without incurring additional transmissions costs if they are within the BLE communication range. However, BLE does not require any security verification during communication, so it has weak security. Therefore, a security authorization process would be necessary to obtain customer confidence. To provide security functions for iBeacon, we think that the iBeacon Message Encryption process and a Decryption (Authorization) process should be designed and implemented. We therefore propose the BLE message Authorization Mechanism based on a One Time Password Algorithm (BLE-OTP). The effectiveness of our mechanism is evaluated by conducting a performance test on an attendance system based on BLE-OTP.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2018

This paper investigated the design method of the smart sensor for implementing IoT (Internet of Things) service. The power supply of sensor consistently acquisting data is based on the energy harvesting technology and designed with piezoelectric transducer not affected by surrounding circumstances. The wireless communication interface for the transmission of data is designed with BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy). BLE is highly adequate wireless communication technology for low power consumption and short distance wireless communication. The main application of BLE is beacon whose usage range is extended from O2O (Online to Offline) service, navigator based on indoor positioning technology, and anti-theft/lost child prevention service to mobile game. This paper studied the method to extend wireless coverage for complementing the short wireless transmission distance of BLE. The wireless sensor network based on CATV network is proposed for the easy construction of BLE sensor network and extended wireless coverage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2016.04a
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• pp.900-902
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• 2016

사물인터넷은 최근 몇 년간 급격한 발전을 이루었으며 발전을 바탕으로 삶의 질 향상과 상업적인 가치가 큰 스마트 환경을 구축하였다. 스마트 환경 구축을 위해서는 각각 사물들이 사용하는 통신 프로토콜 간 통신이 되어야 한다. 그러나 통신 프로토콜 간 서로 다른 통신 규약을 가지기 때문에 통신이 안 되는 이질성 문제가 있으며 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 DDS(Data Distribution Service) 기반의 어댑터(Adaptor)가 필요하다. 본 논문은 최근 각광받고 있는 BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy)를 사물 인터넷에 적용하기 위해 DDS 기반의 BLE 어댑터를 제안한다. 이러한 BLE 어댑터를 통하여 BLE와 RFID(Radio-Frequency Identification), LTE(Long-Term Evolution), 그리고 지그비(ZigBee) 등 다른 통신 프로토콜 간 이질성 문제를 해결함으로써 서로 다른 데이터를 활용할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1371-1378
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• 2018

Bluetooth is the key technology in the wireless connection of many Internet of Things (IoT) devices, especially focused on smartphones today. In addition, Bluetooth communication between the IoT device and the user is mainly performed via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), but as the Bluetooth technology gradually develops, the security vulnerability of the existing BLE is more prominent. Research on Bluetooth accessibility has been conducted steadily so far, but there is lack of research for data protection in Bluetooth communication. Therefore, in this paper, when sending and receiving data in BLE communication between IoT and users, we propose effective methods for communicating with each other through the Format Preserving Encryption Algorithm (FEA), not the plain text, and measures performance of FEA which is optimized in Arduino and PC.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2024

Smart City, a key application area of the AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things), provides various services in safety, security, and healthcare sectors through location tracking and location-based services. an IPS (Indoor Positioning System) is required to implement location-based services, and wireless communication technologies such as WiFi, UWB (Ultra-wideband), and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) are being applied. BLE, which enables data transmission and reception with low power consumption, can be applied to various IoT devices such as sensors and beacons at a low cost, making it one of the most suitable wireless communication technologies for indoor positioning. BLE utilizes the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) to estimate the distance, but due to the influence of multipath fading, which causes variations in signal strength, it results in an error of several meters. In this paper, we conducted research on a path loss model that can be applied to BLE IPS for proximity services, and confirmed that optimizing the free space propagation loss coefficient can reduce the distance error between the Tx and Rx devices.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.149-152
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• 2017

This paper investigated the method for the output of power management IC (PMIC) for BLE beacon with energy harvesting device to be maintained constantly. The capacitor was used to store the energy supplied from energy harvesting device such as solar module and the capacitance was estimated to the optimum value according to the interval for the BLE beacon to send advertising signal.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1094-1103
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• 2016

Physical Web and Eddystone can be serviced by a single integrated application on the device by using their servers' URL. However, they have a limitation that their servers must be customized for service characteristics on a case by case basis. In other words, regardless of the service selected for BLE, it should have a modified linkage application for each device. Hence, we think that a new integrated service platform, which is able to link and support its Beacon from the central server and is also able to support its application, is needed for achieving better service quality. This platform consists of push (Broadcasting for Beacon service) parts and pull (Connection) parts to establish communication. Especially, Pull should be operated and controlled under the authorization (secure) management for safe and trustable communication. It means that BLE must have its new authorization communications protocol to protect its data as much as possible. In this paper, we propose a BLE integrated authorization protocol for a BLE device control server based on Physical Web and Eddystone.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) has been extensively used for communication between mobile applications and wearable devices in IoT (Internet of Things). In developing Android applications, wearable devices, on which the applications can run, should be available because the existing Android SDK does not support any BLE emulation facility. In this study, we have designed and implemented the first Android BLE emulator. Using this, we are able to develop and test BLE-based Android applications even when without wearable devices. We have also proposed an automatic generation method of Android BLE scenarios based on graph model. We have shown that the method is useful for systematically testing BLE application protocols by running the generated scenarios on the Android BLE emulator.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.5 no.11
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• pp.403-410
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• 2016

IoT(Internet of Things) has purpose for providing new kind of service though interaction with everything. With development of IoT, computer model which is based on internet is changed to distributed connection model between heterogeneous things. There is a problem that it is impossible to connect between each other different protocols. To solve this problem, we should abstract each of things of data through using adaptor of middleware structure in order to make consistent data unit. In this paper, we propose BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy) adaptor, which is interaction with things, based on DDS(Data Distribution Service) that is real-time standard middleware. It is possible to data interaction between BLE Devices as well as two-way data interaction with different protocol devices. Also existing BLE Devices and study have a problem that Data exchange without using a standard data format of a profile defined by the Bluetooth SIG. Using the data formats defined independently by a problem that should not exchange data according to the type and manufacturer of the device BLE. The BLE adapter to solve this problem, the classification and analysis of the 12 stand profile was applied to create a profile based on the standard data format. It is possible to get wide interoperability of not affected on the BLE devices type and manufacturer of the device because it is applied a profile that standard data format.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.481-486
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• 2022

The recent rapid growth of the IoT(Internet of Things) is leading to the spread of low-power wireless technology. A major challenge in designing IoT wireless networks is to achieve coexistence between different wireless technologies that share the 2.4 [GHz] ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) frequency band. Therefore, there is a need for research on improving the reliability of wireless networks and coexisting operation between wireless networks. In particular, it is necessary to study an interference model and performance for mutual service coexistence in a BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) wireless network environment, which is expected to be widely used as a connection medium between devices in various industrial fields. In this paper, the co-channel interference model with the IEEE 802.15.4 system is established focusing on the physical layer of the BLE system widely used in residential and industrial wireless applications, and the performance of the BLE wireless communication system is analyzed in the co-channel interference environment. As a result of the analysis, as the distance between the interference source and the BLE system increases in an environment where noise and co-channel interference exist, the amount of co-channel interference decreases and the error rate performance of the BLE system improves.