• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제41권5호
• /
• pp.327-334
• /
• 2015

Objectives: In order to review both the effects of sewage sludge dewaterability and deodorizing ability in the existing advanced sewage treatment process, BIO-CLOD (a solidified mixture of 10% Bacillus concentrate and inorganics) was used as an inorganic conditioner effective for deodorization treatment in addition to the removal of organic matter and nutritive salts. Methods: Sludge dewaterability was evaluated using specific resistance to filtration (SRF) experiments with six agitators and two types of commercially available BIO-CLOD; one that is made by grinding solid matter (powdered BIO-CLOD) and one that has been obtained by sieving a separation with a particle diameter of 100 mesh (100 mesh BIO-CLOD). For deodorization odor treatment experiments, 20 g of commercially available solid BIO-CLOD was submerged in four liters of sewage sludge and mixed and agitated for 45 days. Results: When BIO-CLOD was injected into sewage sludge to experimentally compare specific resistance to filtration (SRF), the optimum amount of BIO-CLOD to be injected was shown to be 2% w/v and the SRF value in this case was $1.35{\times}10^{12}m/kg$. pH changes following BIO-CLOD injection were within 6.5-7.0. By 14 days after submerging BIO-CLOD into the sewage sludge to evaluate its deodorizing ability, $H_2S$ decreased by 68% and methyl mercaptan decreased by 74%. By 45 days after the submergal, both items decreased by 100%, indicating deodorizing ability. Conclusion: To compare the levels of dewaterablity of sewage sludge at different particle sizes of inorganic conditioner, powdered BIO-CLOD, particle size 100 mesh BIO-CLOD, and bentonite were tested. It could be seen that as the powdered BIO-CLOD increased, the precipitability increased up to 62% in 30 minutes. As an inorganic conditioner, BIO-CLOD was identified as a stable sludge conditioner that does not affect pH.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.322-329
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BIO-CLOD on advanced wastewater treatment for enhanced removal efficiency and meeting the stringent discharge water requirements of wastewater treatment plants. Methods: Two experimental apparatuses consisting of anaerobic, anoxic and aeration tanks were operated. One included a BIO-CLOD cultivation tank. Organic and nutrient parameters and removal efficiency were analyzed by pH, BOD, CODcr, SS, T-N and T-P. Results: The average removal efficiencies of BOD, COD and SS from the apparatus with BIO-CLOD tank installation were 95.5%, 88.6% and 92.9%, respectively, and these were higher than the results from the apparatus without BIO-CLOD. The average TP removal efficiency with BIO-CLOD tank marked 56.0%, higher than the 47.3% from the apparatus without one. BIO-CLOD showed a higher performance for TN removal at 49.6%, compared to the result without BIO-CLOD of 34.3% Conclusion: By reaction with BIO-CLOD, ammonia removal was effective in the aeration tank, as was phosphorus release in the anaerobic tank. Phosphorus luxury uptake and nitrification in aeration tank proceeded smoothly. The application of BIO-CLOD can improve the decrease of odor and settleability of activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant, as well as increase the removal efficiency of organic and nutrient materials in water.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권12호
• /
• pp.8665-8672
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 하수처리장의 소화슬러지(digest sludge)를 대상으로 악취제거 및 유기물제거에 대한 타당성을 검토하고자 BIO-CLOD를 넣은 반응조와 넣지 않은 반응조에 대하여 24시간, 48시간, 72시간 후 ammonia, methyl mercaptan(MMC) 및 $H_2S$에 대해서 측정하였다. BIO-CLOD를 침적시킨 반응조(BIO-CLOD)에서 24시간 내에 ammonia는 48%인 것에 비해 $H_2S$와 MMC는 98%이상의 높은 제거율을 보인 반면에 BIO-CLOD를 침적시키지 않은 반응조(Non BIO-CLOD)에서는 24시간 내에 ammonia가 45%, $H_2S$는 71%, MMC는 84%로서 악취제거 가능성을 보였다. 암모니아 농도는 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하면서 질산성질소농도는 증가하는 질산화 현상을 보였으며, 소화슬러지내의 유황계 악취성분들이 호기성 미생물들에 의해 산화 분해되어 용액 중의 황산염농도를 증가시키는 데는 BIO-CLOD효과가 있었음을 알 수 있었으며, 황산염농도증가와 대기중의 $H_2S$ 제거율간에는 상관관계가 있음을 알수 있었다. 반응조 유출수에서 유기물의 감소는 짧은 시간 내에서는 BIO-CLOD가 영향을 주지 않았으며, HRT 12시간과 HRT 24시간으로 운전하였을 때 경제적인 면에서 HRT 12시간을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.161-172
• /
• 2018

Purpose: During tillage operations, the selection of a working machine (tool) depends on the soil conditions as well as the type of tillage operation to be performed. The goal of this research was to ascertain the effects of varying working machine parameters of a compact disc harrow on tillage operations under various soil moisture content (SMC) conditions. Methods: The working machine parameters were the disc spacing and machine speed. The tillage parameters under investigation were the soil inversion ratio (SIR), tillage cutting depth (TCD), and soil clod breakage ratio (SCB). To determine the SIR, the areas of the white regions before and after tillage were obtained. The ratio of the difference of the areas of the white regions before and after tillage to the area of the white regions before tillage was considered as the SIR. The SCB was obtained as the ratio of the weight of soil clods after sieving with a mesh size of <0.02 m to the total weight of the soil clods before sieving. The soil TCD was measured using a tape measure at random points after the tillage operation. The resulting data were statistically analyzed in a one-way analysis of variance. Results: The highest soil inversion was achieved when the machine speed was 0.2 m/s with the disc spaced at 0.2 m in the 16.5% SMC. At a 0.4-m/s machine speed and 0.3-m disc spacing the highest soil breakage was achieved in the 26.5% SMC. The highest TCD was achieved at a 0.2-m/s machine speed and 0.2-m disc spacing in the 16.5% SMC. Conclusions: It was concluded that varying the working machine parameters, such as the disc spacing and machine speed, could significantly affect the soil inversion and soil clod breakage; however, it had no significant impact on the TCD.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제17권12호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 하수 처리에 많은 장점이 있는 Bacillus sp.를 하수 슬러지에 적용함으로써 악취 제거에 대한 타당성을 검토하였다. 1차 슬러지를 공기공급 만으로 24시간, 48시간, 72시간 경과 후의 $NH_3$제거율은 12.5 %, 12 %, 42.1 %를 나타내었고, Bacillus sp.농축액 10%와 기타 물질을 넣어 고형화시킨 BIO-CLOD를 주입한 반응기에서는 $NH_3$제거율이 43 %, 70 %, 81 %의 제거율을 보였다. NB배지에서 배양된 Bacillus sp.를 1차 슬러지 반응기에 주입율 0 %, 1.7 %, 3.3 %, 6.7(v/v%)에서 72시간 경과 후의 TVOC제거율은 59 %, 71 %, 88 %, 98 %를 나타내었고, $NH_3$제거율은 29 %, 25 %, 31 %, 48 %로서 TVOC 제거율이 더 높았으며, Bacillus sp.주입 농도에 따른 탈수 실험에서는 Bacillus sp.농도를 4(v/v%)로 하는 것이 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. Bacillus sp.농도와 악취물질 감소간에 상관관계가 성립되며, 공기공급과 바실러스의 주입은 생물학적 산화를 도와 악취물질의 제거가능성을 확인하였다. Alum과 PAC을 사용한 1차 슬러지와 소화슬러지의 SRF값으로 적정한 Alum응집제량은 500 mg/L이였고 PAC을 사용할 때는 적정량이 6 mg/L주입하는 것이 타당하다고 판단되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 2014

강화된 수질기준 이하로 인을 제거하기 위해, 혐기조, 무산소조와 Bio-clod와 다공성 폴리우레탄 여재가 충진된 접촉 산화조로 구성된 생물학적 고도처리 공정을 대상으로 PAC (Poly aluminium chloride, 10.4% as $Al_2O_3$)적용 시 인제거의 효율을 검토하였다. 접촉산화조 유출수를 대상으로 Jar-test를 실시하여 최적 PAC 주입농도를 15 mg/L로 선정 후, 2차 침전조 전단에 PAC를 주입하여 응집 침전 후 상등수를 분석하였다. PAC 주입 후 BOD와 COD의 제거율의 경우 각각 96.1%와 88.8%로, 주입 전의 95.4%와 72.4%로 효과가 크지 않았으나, TP의 제거율은 97%로 주입 전의 71.6%에 비해 18.4% 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 특히 SP 제거율은 응집제 주입 전 59.5%에서 주입 후 98.6%로 분석되어, PAC의 적용으로 SP 제거가 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 실험기간 동안의 유출수의 TP농도는 0.13 mg/L 이하로, 추가적인 총인처리시설 설치 없이도 수질기준 준수가 가능하였다.