• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.54-54
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• 2002

The nucleotide sequence of a Korea isolate of broad bean wilt favavirus from Rehmannia glutinosa Lib., designated BBWV-RE, was determined. Direct amino acid sequencing of the virus coat proteins suggests that a comparison of several favaviruses in terms of nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequences showed that BBWV-2 isolates display high sequence identity. The small coat protein genes of RNA-2 were also determined for three other Japanese isolates(E, L, and 1-2) and two ATCC isolates(PV132 and PV176) of BBWV. the CP sequence suggested distinct evolution lineages. Serotype 2 favaviruses are more prevalent in Asia, Australia and North America, Wheres serotype 1 is more prevalent in europe.(중략)

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.258-261
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• 2005

We conducted a survey on pepper virus diseases in 31 regions in Korea from November 2001 to December 2004. Using electron microscopy, test plant reaction, rapid immuno-filter paper assay (RIPA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or analysis of viral nucleotide sequences, we found a number of viruses from 1,056 samples that we collected. These included Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Of the samples analyzed, $343(32.5\%)$ were infected with CMV, $209(19.8\%)$ with PepMoV, $141(13.4\%)$ with PMMoV, $12(1.1\%)$ with BBWV2, $40(3.8\%)$ with TMGMV, $5(0.5\%)$ with TSWV, $153(14.5\%)$ with CMV and PepMoV, $54 (5.1\%)$ with CMV and PMMoV, $31(2.9\%)$ with PepMoV and PMMoV, $3(0.3\%)$ with CMV and BBWV2, $1(0.1\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and BBWV2, $8(0.8\%)$ with CMV, PepMoV and PMMoV, and $30 (2.8\%)$ samples were infected with viruses which were not identified. CMV was the most predominant virus in all inspected fields and the number of the samples infected with PMMoV was relatively low as compared PepMoV infection level in pepper. TMGMV was only found in the southern part of Korea, while TSWV was isolated in Anyang and Yesan. However, we did not encounter in this survey the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and Pepper vein chlorosis virus (PVCV).

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.297-305
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• 2000

Weeds are widely grown in the field and are infected by many viruses. A survey was conducted to identify viruses infecting weeds in Korea. Virus-infected weed samples including Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern, R. islandica (Oed.) Bord, Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) Pak & Kawanno, Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai, and Chrysanthemum boreale (Makino) Makino were collected in Kyonggi Province. These weeds were grown in the greenhouse and were isolated on 10 test plants. Several virus isolates were isolated fron infected tissues and were further studied by host range assay, serological test, electron microscopy (EM), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Each isolated virus strain was mechanically transmitted to weeds and various hosts including Nicotiana spp., Brassica spp., Vigna unguiculata, Capsicum annuum, and Cucumis sativus and showed systemic mosaic, vein clearing, necrosis, mottle, malformation, chlorosis, and/or death of host plants in some cases. Each virus was then purified using infected leaves and observed by EM. From these results three viruses were isolated and identified as Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). RT-PCR using virus-specific oligonucleotide primers and the cloning were conducted to determine the nucleotide sequences of coat proteins of the three viruses their amino acid sequence were deduced. The amino acid sequence homologies were about 92.7 to 99.7%, 96.2 to 97.7%, and 93.9 to 98.6% to other reported TuMV, BBWV, and CMV strains, respectively. These results suggest that many weeds may serve as primary inoculum source of diseases caused by TuMV, BBWV, CMV and that the management of these viral diseases can be achieved through weed control.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2006

Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) and Broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2) were isolated from Gentiana scabra plants showing typical mosaic and yellowing symptoms. When the inoculum of mosaic symptom propagated in Nicotiana benthamiana was inoculated to primary leaves of Vigna sinensis, the local lesions of different types was developed. Type one produced a small necrotic spot(SNS) of pinpoint type, while the other one showed a large necrotic spot(LNS) of halo type. LNS on primary leaves of V. sinensis was also induced by inoculum from yellowing symptom on G scabra. Single lesion from SNS induced a typical mosaic symptom on N. Benthamiana. On the other hand, LNS produced a chlorotic ring symptom on inoculated leaves and mosaic plus necrotic ringspot on upper leaves of N. benthamiana. An isolate of CMV from SNS and BBWV2 from LNS were detected by using dsRNA analysis, RT-PCR and agar gel double-diffusion test. Thus, our results should provide a tool of a simple method for discrimination from mixed infected plants by CMV and BBWV2.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2018

Field surveys to investigate the incidence and occurrence pattern of viruses in red pepper were conducted during 2015-2016 in Korea. A total of 424 samples in 2015 and 368 samples in 2016 were collected based on selection of plants showing symptoms from farmer's field from every June to September. Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction was used to test all samples for the presence of one or more of following viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). The average disease incidence was 91.7% in 2015 and 98% in 2016 and the all seven viruses were found although there were different kinds of regions. The percent virus incidence in collected samples during 2015 was as follows: CMV, 73.8%; BBWV2, 68.3%; BWYV, 46.9%; PMMoV, 14.6%; TSWV, 12.7%; PepMoV, 6.6% and PVY, 3.3%. For 2016, incidence was as follows: CMV, 73.3%; BBWV2, 71.4%; BWYV, 34.7%; TSWV, 27.9%, PMMoV, 19.2%; PepMoV, 13.5% and PVY, 3.5%. Mixed infections were prevalent over single infections and infection rate was 83% and 86.7% in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 2012

The total number of requests and associated specimens for the diagnosis of virus infection were 573 and 2,992, respectively, on crops from agricultural places of farmers, Agricultural extension services and so forth for 5 years from 2007. The total number of virus tests was 13,325. The number of species of viruses infected on the submitted crops was 21 in 2007, 15 in 2008, 23 in 2009, 21 in 2010 and 17 in 2011. The newly recorded viruses were Tobacco leaf curl virus (TbLCV) in 2007, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in 2008, Impatience necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Radish mosaic virus (RaMV) in 2009, and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) in 2010. Forty virus species including Alfalfa mosaic virus were detected over 5 years. The ten most frequently detected virus species were Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV). The types of crops submitted from agricultural places were 51 in total and the ten most frequently submitted crops were red pepper, tomato, paprika, watermelon, melon, rice, cucumber, corn, radish and gourd. The total request rate for the top 10 crops and top 20 crops was 81.6% and 94.2%, respectively. Eight pepper infecting virus species included CMV, and the average infection rate was 24.6% for CMV, 18.9% for PMMoV and 14.7% for TSWV. Seven kinds of double infection were detected in pepper including BBWV2+CMV at 14.7% on average, and four types of triple infection including BBWV2+CMV+PepMoV at 0.9% on average. Six virus species detected on tomato including TYLCV, and the average infection rate was 50.6% for TYLCV, 14.5% for TSWV and 10.9% for Tobacco leaf curl virus (TbLCV). The mixed infection of CMV+TSWV on tomato was 3.9% on average and of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)+TYLCV was 0.4% on average. Five viruses detected on watermelon included MNSV and the average infection rate was 37.0% for MNSV, 20.4% for CGMMV, 18.1% for ZYMV and 17.8% for WMV. The mixed infection rate on watermelon was CMV+MNSV and WMV+ZYMV having an average infection rate of 0.7% and 5.0%, respectively. The average infection rates on melon were 77.6% for MNSV, 5.6% for CMV and 3.3% for WMV. Mixed infections of CMV+MNSV occurred on melon with an average infection rate of 13.5%.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.231-240
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• 2004

In the year of 2002 annual nationwide survey of virus diseases occurring in the pepper fields and greenhouses in Korea, the distribution and the incidence of viral diseases was investigated. The pepper samples from both greenhouses (155 samples) and open fields (227 samples) were collected and further analyzed to detect eleven different viruses by RT-PCR. The results indicate that no sample collected from both greenhouse and open field seems to be infected by TMV, RMV, PVY, AMV, and TSWV. On the other hand, CMV, BBWV2, PepMoV, PMMoV, TMGMV and ToMV are readily identified from greenhouse and open field samples by RT-PCR. The infection rates of the collected samples between greenhouse and open field are largely different. Comparing with 10% of virus-infected pepper samples grown in greenhouse, approximately one third of pepper samples collected from open field are infected. The mixed-infection rates in the virus-infected greenhouse and open field samples are 16% and 61%, respectively. The dominant virus occuring in greenhouse is PMMoV, indicating that virus-infected seed stocks and infected plant debris in the growing area may be important sources of inocula. On the other hand, both CMV and BBWV2 are dominant viruses in open field. This may indicate that the migration of viruliferous insect vectors into pepper fields may be the most important source of inoculum. Also, the survey shows that BBWV2 is newly immerging virus to be controlled in Korea. The discrepancies on the distribution and the occurrence of viral diseases between field and greenhouse may provide a fact that the accumulation and distribution of inoculum by successive cultivation and the migration of viruliferous vectors into growing areas are likely to be important factors to determine the incidence of viral diseases. Therefore, the further studies on epidemiology and the consideration of new breeding program of pepper are essential to minimize virus diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.53.1-53.1
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• 2005

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2001

Pathogenicities of the five BBWV isolates were differentiated by the reactions on the 29 host plants including Chenopodium amaranticolor. Three specific ultrastructures were observed in cells infected with BBWV The first ultrastructure was the tube made of $1\sim2$ layers of virus particles. The second one was the comb structure consists of round and angled structures. The last one was the membrane proliferation in the cytosol.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

In this study, viral disease samples were obtained between 2006 and 2010 from pepper fields in 11 major pepper-growing districts in Gangwon-do, and in 83 areas from other provinces, with the exception of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju island in Korea. In order to assess the type of infection, field surveys were conducted with regard to viral disease severity and virus type, based on typical symptoms on leaves. The means of single and mixed-virus infections were 46.6% and 48.0%, respectively, during those periods, suggesting that viruses are the agents that most severely decrease pepper production in field cultivation in Korea. In terms of single infection, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was the most prevalent virus based on its disease severity ratings (34.8%). Next, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) were shown to cause severe viral diseases in pepper, with disease severities of around 5-10%. On the other hand, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) occurs in a limited area in Chungcheongnam-do and Jeollanam-do. Thus, the viral disease caused by CMV, PMMoV, and PepMoV in pepper can be severe, and these virus types should remain considered critical reasons for decreased pepper production in field cultivation in Korea. In addition to single infection, mixed infections are frequently observed in collected pepper samples from all areas. The ratios of mixed infection were therefore studied to evaluate the disease severity of mixed infections and to define individual virus types. These data showed that different types of viruses were present, and CMV was the most abundant virus for mixed infection, as in the case of single infection. Among mixed infections, the highest disease severity was seen with CMV+Broad beam wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), followed by other types of mixed infection such as CMV+PepMoV and CMV+PMMoV. However, further work is needed to reduce the severe damage caused by viruses and to assess mixed infection types involving three or more viruses.