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Comparison of Growth and Survival Rate in Shortnecked Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum from Different Seedling Production Areas (산지별 바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum의 성장과 생존율 비교)

  • Lee Yong-Han;Chang Young Jin;Lim Han Kyu;Chung Garp Soo
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.223-232
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    • 1996
  • Growth and survival rate in shortnecked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum were studied from different seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang to Kwangyang Bay, Korea, and three stocking densities (1,000, 1,500 and 3,000 individuals/$m^2$) of clam from Ulsan seedling production area were examined. During the experimental period, water temperature and specific gravity were ranged from 4.5 to $26.0^{\circ}C$ and from 1.0216 to 1.0248, respectively. Shell length was grown from $2.30{\pm}0.05\;to\;3,29{\pm}0.02$ cm in Hadong, $1.32{\pm}0.02\;to\;3.15{\pm}2.02$ cm in Ulsan, $1.24{\pm}0.03\;to\;3.18{\pm}0.02$ cm in Kochang. Kochang's seed was displayed fast growth rate than others. In different rearing densities, the lower density group was showed a rapid growth rate. Shell length from the 1,000 individuals per $m^2$ group grew longer than that from the 2,000 individuals group. Total weight from the 1,000 individuals group was higher than that from the 1,5()0 individual and the 2,000 individual groups. Survival rate by seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang showed $69.4\%,\;63.8\%\;and\;41.7\%$, respectively. Survival rate by rearing density, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 individual groups showed $70.8\%,\;67.8\%\;and\;59.0\%$, respectively.

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A Study Bioremediation of Tidal Flat by Microorganism in Pilot Scale Test (환경정화 미생물에 의한 갯벌의 생물학적 정화에 대한 파일럿 규모의 연구)

  • Choi, Hye Jin;Han, Young Sun;Park, Doo Hyun;Oh, Bo Young;Hur, Myung Je;Jo, Nam-Gyu;Kim, Young Hee;Kim, Jong-Guk
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • 제24권10호
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    • pp.1110-1117
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    • 2014
  • Tidal flats are continuously contaminated by human activities. This study assessed the bioremediation efficiency of tidal flat soil using microcosm reactors and microorganisms originating from the tidal area. We screened 135 bacterial strains that produce extracellular enzymes from the tidal area located in the North port of Incheon bay. Two bacterial strains (Pseudoalteromonas sp. and IC35 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus IC_S22) were selected and used in the microcosm reactors, which were specially designed to functionally mimic the ecological conditions of the tidal flats. Pseudoalteromonas sp. IC35 was selected based on its relatively high activity of the enzymes amylase, cellulose, lipase, and protease. Halothiobacillus neapolitanus IC_S22 was selected for oxidation of sulfur. The M1 and M2 microcosm reactors were operated by continuous feeding of seawater under the same conditions, but M2 was first inoculated with Pseudoalteromonas sp. IC35 before the seawater feeding. The initial COD in both the M1 and M2 microcosm reactors was 320 mg/l. The final COD was 21 mg/l (M1) and 7 mg/l (M2). The M3 and M4 microcosm reactors were operated by continuous feeding of seawater under the same conditions, but M4 was first inoculated with H. neapolitanus IC_S22. The initial sulfate concentration in both the M3 and M4 microcosm reactors was 660 mg/l, and the maximum sulfate concentration was 1,360 mg/l (M3) and 1,600 mg/l (M4).

Analysis on the volume variation of bag-net in set-net by acoustic telemetry (음향 텔레메트리에 의한 정치망 원통의 체적 변화 해석)

  • Tae, Jong-Wan;Shin, Hyeon-Ok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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    • 제40권2호
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    • pp.115-125
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    • 2004
  • An experiment to measure the volume variation of bag net in a set-net by acoustic telemetry system was conducted in Jaran Bay, Gosung, Korea on 10 April to 23 April 2003. The long baseline telemetry system consists of three radio-acoustic linked positioning (RAP) buoys, a time controller with a personal computer and seven pingers. Six pingers were attached on the bottom of the bag-net and the other one was fixed on the sea bed. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. The average RAP buoy fixing errors of x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis were 0.2m, 0.4m, and 0.1m, respectively. 2. In the neap tide the minimum and maximum volume of the bag-net on 11 April 2003 were 4,173$m^3$(17:00) and 4,757$m^3$(12:00), respectively. The average current direction and speed at those times were 99.9$^{\circ}$, 12.9cm/s and 104.0$^{\circ}$, 2.4cm/s, respectively. 3. In the spring tide on 17 April 2003, the minimum and maximum volume were 2,016$m^3$(18:30) and 4,454$m^3$(15:00), respectively. The average current direction and speed at those times were 315.6$^{\circ}$, 16.1cm/s and 289.0$^{\circ}$, 5.7cm/s, respectively. 4. In conclusion the maximum variation of the volume on 17 April to 20 April 2003 was 3,552$m^3$ and it was larger 1.4 times than time on 11 April to 16 April 2003.

Environmental and Ecological Consequences of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Coastal Areas of the Korea Peninsula (한반도 연안 해역에서 해저 지하수 유출의 환경 생태학적 중요성)

  • KIM GUEBUEM;HWANG DONG-WOON;RYU JAE-WOONG;LEE YONG-WOO
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.204-212
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    • 2005
  • Recognition has emerged that nutrient inputs from the submarine discharge of fresh, brackish, and marine groundwaters into the coastal ocean are comparable to the inputs via river discharge. The coastal areas of the Korea peninsula and adjacent seas exhibit particular importance in the role of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), in terms of the magnitude of SGD and associated continental material fluxes. For example, in the southern sea of Korea, SGD transports excess nutrients into the coastal regions and thus appears to influence ecosystem changes such as the outbreak of red tides. Around volcanic island, Jeju, which is composed of high permeability rocks, the amount of SGD is higher by orders of magnitude relative to the eastern coast of North America where extensive SGD studies have been conducted. In particular, nutrient discharge through SGD exerts a significant control on coastal ecosystem changes and results in benthic eutrophication in semi-enclosed Bang-du bay, Jeju. In the entire area of the Yellow Sea, tile submarine discharge of brackish groundwater and associated nutrients are found to rival the river discharges into the Yellow Sea, including those through Yangtze River, Han River, etc. In the eastern coast of the Korea peninsula, SGD is significantly higher during summer than winter due to high hydraulic gradients and due to wide distribution of high permeability sandy zones, faults, and fractures. On the other hand, in the estuarine water, downstream construction of the dam in the Nakdong River, SGD was highest when the river discharge was lowest (but water level of the dam was highest). This suggests that even though there is no visible freshwater discharge into this estuary, the discharge of chemical species is significant through SGD. On the basis of the results obtained from the coastal areas of the Korea peninsula, SGD is considered to be an important pathway of continental contaminants influencing tidal-flat ecosystems, red tides, and coral ecology. Thus, future costal management should pay great attention to the impact of SGD on coastal pollution and eutrophication.

Immunomodulatory Activities by Difference in Molecular Size of the Proteoglycan Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum IY009 (Ganoderma lucium IY009 유래 단백다당류의 분자량 차이에 따른 면역증강활성)

  • Lee, June-Woo;Baek, Seong-Jin;Bang, Kwang-Woong;Kim, Yong-Seuk;Kim, Kwang-Soo;Chun, Uck-Han
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.15-21
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.

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Production of Medium-chain Fatty Acids in Brassica napus by Biotechnology (유채에서의 중쇄지방산 생산)

  • Roh, Kyung-Hee;Lee, Ki-Jong;Park, Jong-Sug;Kim, Hyun-Uk;Lee, Kyeong-Ryeol;Kim, Jong-Bum
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제53권2호
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    • pp.65-70
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    • 2010
  • Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are composed of 8-12 carbon atoms, and are found in coconut, cuphea, and palm kernel oil. MCFA were introduced into clinical nutrition in the 1950s for dietary treatment of malabsorption syndromes because of their rapid absorption and solubility. Recently, MCFA have been applied to Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancement Technology (GIPET), which is one of the most important parts in drug delivery system in therapeutics. Therefore, to accumulate the MCFA in seed oil of rapeseed, much effort has been conducted by classical or molecular breeding. Laurate can be successfully accumulated up to 60 mol% in the seed oil of rapeseed by the expression of bay thioesterase (Uc FatB1) alone or crossed with a line over-expressing the coconut lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) under the control of a napin seed-storage protein promoter. Also, caprylate and caprate were obtained 7 mol% and 29 mol%, respectively, from plants over-expressing of the medium-chain specific thioesterase (Ch FatB2) alone or together with the chain-length-specific condensing enzyme (Ch KASIV). Despite the success of some research in utilizing parallel classical and molecular breeding to produce MCFA, commercially available seed oils have for the most part, not been realized. Recent research in the field of developing MCFA-enriched transgenic plants has established that there is no single rate-limiting step in the production of the target fatty acids. The purpose of this article is to review some of the recent progress in understanding the mechanism and regulation of MCFA production in seed oil of rapeseed.

Long-term Variation and Characteristics of Water Quality In the Mokpo Coastal Areas of the Yellow Sea, Korea (목포연안 수질환경의 특성과 장기변동)

  • Park, Soung-Yun;Kim, Sang-Soo;Kim, Pyoung-Joong;Cho, Eun-Seob;Kim, Sook-Yang;Choi, Yoon-Suk;Kim, Byong-Man;Kim, Dae-Uk
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.321-337
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    • 2010
  • Long-term trends and distribution patterns of water quality were investigated in the Mokpo coastal areas of the Yellow Sea, Korea from 1979 to 2009. Water samples were collected at 5 stations and physicochemical parameters were analyzed including water temperature, salinity, suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients. Spatial distribution patterns of temperature, pH and DO were not clear among stations but the seasonal variations were distinct except ammonium. The trend analysis by principal component analysis (PCA) during 30 years revealed the significant variations in water quality in the study area. Spatial water qualities were discriminated into 3 clusters by PCA; station cluster 1, 2~4, and 5. Annual water qualities were clearly discriminated into 4 surface water clusters and 2 bottom water clusters by PCA. By this multi-variate analysis, the annual trends were summarized as the followings; water temperature, pH and COD tended to increase from late 1980's, salinity to decrease, phosphate to increase from 1994 and dissolved inorganic nitrogen to increase, due to the input of fresh water same as shown in Kyoungin coastal area, Asan coastal area, Choensoo bay and Gunsan coastal area.

Toxicity of Persistent Organic Pollutants, PAHs and TBT, in Zooplankton and Influence on Their Viability (동물플랑크톤에 대한 지속성 유기오염물질 PAHs와 TBT의 독성 및 생존능력에 미치는 영향)

  • Jang, Poong-Guk;Shin, Kyung-Soon;Jang, Min-Chul;Park, Dong-Won;Jang, Man
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • 제22권
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2004
  • We conducted three experiments to estimate the toxicity of POPs (persistent organic pollutants) on two copepod species (Acartia erythraea and A. omorii) and Artemia sp.; (1) 48 h-LC$_{50}$ of A. omorii with the five PAHs [polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons anthracene, benzo〔a〕pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene〕 which were often detected in the Gwangyang Bay, (2) toxicity of benzo〔a〕pyrene and TBT on Artemia in different temperatures (1$0^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$), (3) effects of benzo〔a〕pyrene and TBT on egg Production rate, hatching rate and fecal Pellet Production of two copepod species (A. erythraea and A. omorii) fed on Heterocapsa triquetra (dinoflagellate) exposed in benzo〔a〕pyrene. Toxic chemicals which were most effective to A. omorii were flueranthene (48 h-LC$_{50}$ 19.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ ) and benzo〔a〕pyrene (48 h-LC$_{50}$ 29.89 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ ). The toxi- city of chemicals to Artemia increased when temperature increased. The toxicity of TBT was about 100 times higher than that of benzo〔a〕pyrene at 15$^{\circ}C$. Food materials (Heterocapsa triquetra) exposed in benzo〔a〕pyrene, affected negatively the rate of egg production, hatching rate and the fecal pellet production of the copepods at the high concentration. It is suggested that an increase in the concentration of benzo〔a〕pyrene might offset the production of copepods in marine ecosystems. This study suggests that copepods may be used as n indicator for early warning of the risk of POPs in marine ecosystems.

Design Strategies and Processes through the Concept of Resilience (리질리언스 개념을 통해서 본 설계 전략과 과정)

  • Choi, Hyeyoung;Seo, Young-Ai
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • 제46권5호
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    • pp.44-58
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    • 2018
  • Cities face new challenges not only in natural disasters by climate change but also in social and economic fluctuations. With the existing simple reconstruction method, it is difficult to solve the overall problems that a city or region may face. As a new approach to cope with various changes, the concept of resilience is emerging. Resilience is also one of the themes of recent major urban design projects. Design with the concept of resilience is a new strategy that can deal with various changes of urban space, rather than a temporary trend. The purpose of this paper is to explore the design method by analyzing cases where the concept of resilience is employed. We aim to examine what kind of design strategies are needed for the resilience design and how this design process differ in character, as compared to general design projects. Cases for this study include the "Rebuild by Design" competition held in 2013 and the "Resilient by Design/Bay Area Challenge" competition held in 2017. This paper consists of literature reviews and case studies. The latter is divided into two aspects: content analysis based on the theory of resilience and characteristics of the design process. Cases are analyzed through literature reviews and process characteristics of resilience design in response to the general design process. The main categories for urban resilience used as the framework for analysis include: Urban Infrastructure, Social Dynamics, Economic Dynamics, Health and Wellbeing, Governance Networks, and Planning and Institutions. As a result, the aspects of resilience concepts considered and design strategies undertaken by each team were identified. Each team tried to connect all 6 categories to their design strategies, placing special value on the role of governance, a system that enables collaborative design and project persistency. In terms of the design process, the following characteristics were found: planning the whole project process in the pre-project phase, analyzing predictable socioeconomic risk factors in addition to physical vulnerabilities, aiming for landscape-oriented integrated design, and sustainable implementation strategies with specific operations and budget plans. This paper is meaningful to connect the concept of resilience, which has been discussed in various articles, to design strategy, and to explore the possibility of constructing a practical methodology by deriving the characteristics of the resilience design process. It remains a future task to research design strategies that apply the concept of resilience to various types of urban spaces, in addition to areas that are vulnerable to disasters.

Effective Management of Invasive Nutria (Myocastor coypus) in the UK and the USA (영국과 미국에서 침입성 뉴트리아 (Myocastor coypus)의 효과적 관리)

  • Kil, Jihyon;Lee, Do-hun;Kim, Young-chae
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • 제2권4호
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    • pp.265-273
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    • 2015
  • It is the better to take preventative measures against the natural intrusion in advance from invasive alien species that reduce biodiversity and cause economic loss to humans. If the prevention of intrusion and spread fails, we need to make active control and eradication. This study aims to introduce nutria (Myocastor coypus) control cases performed in the United Kingdom and the United States and to provide information for the contribution of nutria management measure improvements. The nutria eradication campaign in the United Kingdom was developed as a long-term plan based on sufficient understanding on the management target and objective and suitable support. Sufficient information on nutria was accumulated and the management strategy was flexibly modified according to the changes in management that were proactively reflected in the field. Regarding the eradication project at Chesapeake Bay in the United States, based on long-term ecological information, more advanced capture technology than in the United Kingdom were introduced and the eradication plan, strategy and implementation were configured by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the eradication campaign in the United Kingdom. The successful cases in the United Kingdom and the United State provide an information on how to improv the nutria management measure. For the eradication of nutria, it is necessary to reach a consensus between stakeholders and to form a consultative group between related organizations for periodic communication. Opinions on the field must be actively accepted in the consultation process for strategy and policy decision, and the eradication plan needs to be developed based on a management index. The eradication plan is required to be managed, evaluated and adjusted in a systematic way. Scientific management must be introduced and the management performance must be evaluated objectively so that a practical plan can be flexibly adjusted. It is also required to secure a long-term budget support and a stable organization and to input a concentrated budget at the proper period when there is high efficiency of eradication.