• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.779-787
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions for three amounts of onion powder, sugar, and butter to prepare onion powder cookies. The experimental design was based on the central composite design methodology of response surface, which included 16 experimental points including two replicates for onion powder, sugar, and butter. The mechanical and sensory properties of the cookies were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical models. A canonical form and perturbation plot showed the influence of each ingredient on the mixed final product. The results of the spread ratio did not show significant results, but hardness increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar but decreased with butter (p<0.01). The color lightness "L" value increased with increasing quantities of sugar and butter but decreased with added onion powder. In contrast, the redness color "a" value increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar. Sugar did not affect the yellowness color "b" value, but the color b value increased with increasing onion powder and sugar. The results of a sensory evaluation using the predicted model showed significant values for flavor (p<0.01), texture (p<0.05), taste (p<0.05), and overall quality (p<0.01). As a result, the optimum formulation by numerical and graphical methods was calculated as 12.58 g onion powder, 35 g sugar, and 52.38 g butter.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2022

The survey of bird community characteristics was carried out four times on 2016 and 2017, respectively May and October to figure out effects of the manmade small ecosystem, Anseong. Twenty five species and 94 individuals were observed in the study area. The dominant species were Passer montanus 19.1%, Pica pica 12.8%, Cyanopica cyana 8.51%, Sinosuthora webbiana and Carduelis sinica ussuriensis respectively 7.45%, the diversity of the species was 2.787. With migration, the highest number and percentage to the lowest was residents 72.0%, summer visitors 20.0% and winter visitors 8.00%. Among 22 species which bred (check or possibility) in the manmade small ecology, Anseong, canopy (C) was 54.5%, hole (H) was 31.8%, bush (B) was 9.09% and ground (G) was 4.55% in their nesting guilds. In foraging guilds in breeding season was canopy (C) was 69.6%, bush (C) was 21.7%, water (W) and ground (G) was respectively 4.35%, and in non-breeding season, canopy was 64.0%, bush 24.0%, ground was 8.00% and water 4.00%. In the study site, the manmade habitats for birds were nest box and wetland (rain garden). In 7 nest box, Parus major was uesd 1 nest box as their breeding on 2016 and 2017, and Passer montanus was used 1 nest box on 2017. We assumed that sustainable rainwater supply may be important to attract many birds in rain garden, the manmade habitat for birds.Unfortunately, however, no birds used rain garden (wetland) as their habitats due to water shortage.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.10 s.269
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• pp.783-787
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• 2004

Microwave dielectric properties and the microstructure of $Ba_5Nb_4O_{15}$ ceramics with $PbO-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ glass frit were investigated to reduce the sintering temperature of $Ba_5Nb_4O_{15}$ ceramics as a function of the amount of glass frit from $0.5wt\%$ to $10wt\%$ and the sintering condition. The sintered density and the microwave dielectric properties of $Ba_5Nb_4O_{15}$ ceramics were remarkably changed with the amount of glass fit which existed as a liquid phase and assisted the densification. $Ba_5Nb_4O_{15}$ with $3wt\%$ $PbO-B_2O_3-SiO_2$ glass frit sintered at $900^{\circ}C$ for 2 h showed dielectric constant (K) of 41.4, a quality factor (Q $\times$f) of 13,485 GHz, and a Temperature Coefficient of resonant Frequency (TCF) of 9 ppm/$^{\circ}C$. Due to no trace of physical and chemical reaction between this composition and Ag electrode cofired at $900^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, this ceramics can be a good candidate for the multilayer dielectric filter.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.4 s.47
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• pp.787-798
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was three-fold: i) to investigate the degree of asymmetry in Angle's Class III malocclusion patients and normal adults; ii) to determine the nature of difference existed between two groups; and iii) to investigate the correlationship between the degree of asymmetry and ANB and overbite in Angle's Class III malocclusion patients. The subjects consisted of 25 Angle's Class III malocclusion patients and 25 normal adults and the mean ages were 22.0 and 24.5 years, respectively. Their posteroanterior and lateral cephalograms were traced and analysed with three-dimensional approach. The results were as follows: 1. Asymmetry of Angle's Class III malocclusion group was significant in all regions except cranial base. Their horizontal asymmetry was seen in mandibular angle, maxillary and mandibular 1st molar, mandibular midline and menton. Vertical asymmetry was observed in maxillary 1st molar and mandibular shape and anteroposterior asymmetry in mandibular angle. 2. Nine variables indicating asymmetry were selected and each variable had similar discriminant score. 3. There was a little correlationship between An and asymmetric variable(MSR-B6) and its correlation coefficients was 0.3564. 4. There was no significant correlationship between overbite and asymmetric variables.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.787-790
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• 2003

A rf triode magnetron sputtering system is designed and installed its construction in vacuum chamber. In order to calibrate the rf triode magnetron sputtering for thin films deposition processes, the effects of different glow discharge conditions were investigated in terms of the deposition rate measurements. The basic parameters for calibrating experiment in this sputtering system are rf power input, gas pressure, plasma current, and target-to-substrate distance. Because a knowledge of the deposition rate is necessary to control film thickness and to evaluate optimal conditions which are an important consideration in preparing better thin films, the deposition rates of copper as a testing material under the various sputtering conditions are investigated. Furthermore, a triode sputtering system designed in our team is simulated by the SIMION program. As a result, it is sure that the simulation of electron trajectories in the sputtering system is confined directly above the target surface by the force of $E{\times}B$ field. Finally, some teats with the above 4 different sputtering conditions demonstrate that the deposition rate of rf triode magnetron sputtering is relatively higher than that of the conventional sputtering system. This means that the higher deposition rate is probably caused by a high ion density in the triode and magnetron system. The erosion area of target surface bombarded by Ar ion is sputtered widely on the whole target except on both magnet sides. Therefore, the designed rf triode magnetron sputtering is a powerful deposition system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.782-787
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• 2005

The bottom structure of an instrumented capsule is a part which is joined at the receptacle of the flow tube in the reactor in-core. A geometrical change or the bottom structure has an effect on the pressure drop and the vibration of the capsule. The out-pile test to evaluate the structural Integrity of the material capsule called 04M-l7U was performed by using a single channel and a half core test loop. From the pressure drop test, the optimized diameter of the cone shape's bottom structure which satisfies HANARO's flow requirement (19 6 kg/s) is 71 mm. The maximum displacement of the capsule measured at the half core test loop is lower than 1.0 mm. From the analysis results, it is found that the test hole will not be interfered with near the flow tubes because its displacement due to the cooling water is very small at 0.072 mm. The fundamental frequency of the capsule under water is 9.64 Hz. It is expected that the resonance between the capsule and the fluid flow due to the cooling water in HANARO's In-core will not occur. Also, the new bottom structure of a solid cone shape with 71 mm in diameter will be applicable to the material and special capsules in the future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in pigs. In Exp 1., a total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In Exp 2., a total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The treatments were same as described for Exp. 1. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01). Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission. In growing pigs, dietary GB was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.172-186
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• 2022

Benthic macroinvertebrates are important ecological and environmental indicators as primary or secondary consumers, and therefore are widely used in the evaluation of aquatic environments. However, there are no comprehensive river ecosystem monitoring surveys that link the major physicochemical water quality items with benthic macroinvertebrates in urban streams. Therefore, this study investigated the distribution characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical water quality items (17 items) in Yangjaecheon and Yeouicheon from 2019 to 2020. At the same time, by applying Spearman's rank correlation analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis in the water quality data and biotic index, we tried to provide basic data for diagnosing the current status of river ecosystems in major urban rivers in Seoul. Based on the study results, a total of 39 species and 3,787 individuals were identified in Yangjaecheon, the water quality(based on BOD, TOC, and TP) of Yangjaecheon was higher than Grade Ib(good), and the BMI using benthic macroinvertebrates appeared as Grade C(normal) at all the sites. In Yeouicheon, a total of 51 species and 4,199 individuals were identified, the water quality(based on BOD, TOC, TP) was higher than Grade Ib(good) similar to Yangjaecheon, and the BMI of both Upstream and Saewon bridge was Grade B(good), while Yeoui bridge was Grade C(normal). Overall, analysis results for the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates by a nonmetric multidimensional scaling method showed no significant difference between the two streams (p=0.1491). Also, significant environmental variables related to benthic macroinvertebrates distribution were determined as water temperature and DO. On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between biotic index and major water quality items confirmed that R1 and BMI could be used for on-site urban river water quality evaluation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 1997

Apo E polymorphism(e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal vairation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Both alleles E2 and E4 are significantly more frequent in patients with mixed forms of hyperlipidemia and contribute on the observed differences in CHD risk among different populations. Effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of plasma lipid profiles were studied in 89 normolipidemic healthy females, aged 19 up to 22 years. The relative frequencies of E3/3 was 0.787, E3/2 was 0.101, E3/4 allele was 0.112 and no E2/2, E2/4 and E4/4 were found. Weight, height and %LBM were elevated in E2 than those in E3&E4. No differences in the blood pressure among apo E isomers were found, otherwise the pulsation was higher in E4 than that in the others. There were no differences in plasma total-, total DL-, HDL$_3$-, HDL$_2$ cholesterol, apo B-100 and apo A-I, However, phenotype means rank E3/2>E3/3>E3/4 in average TG levels(p<0.0001) significantly, and rank E3/4>E3/3>E3/2 in LDL cholesterol levels. These results were related to the correlation between atherogenic indiced (AI) such as LDL/HDL, (TC-HDL)/HDL, HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$. The ratio of HDL$_3$& HDL$_2$was significantly increased in E2 & E4 than that in E3(P=0.043). LCAT activity was not different between E2 and E3 but was highly increased in E4 (p<0.0001 among apo E isomers), but CETP was not different. Since the negative correlation between LCAT and CETP in apo E2(r=-0.491) was stronger than that in apo E3, E2 allele impacts the clearance of plasma apo E mediated lipoproteins. In conclusion firstly, E4 mediated alteration through LDL or E receptors results in lower TG or higher $\beta$-lipoprotein levels and E2 shows reciprocal effects of E4, respectively. Second, E4 allele was more atherogenic than E2 allele because the higher levels of AI such as HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$ were criticized.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5B
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• pp.273-285
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• 2012

Current TMDL based on the 'Polluter Pays Principle' in Republic of Korea is individually operated by each local government for the designed allocated pollution load of unit watershed and unit district. However, unlike the motion of the air contaminants, the polluted contaminants in a river move from upstream to downstream, and a river can affect to districts more than two. In addition, a decision making on the construction of a sewage treatment facilities follows the concept of 'economy of scale'. These reasons support the collaboration among local governments in order to reduce the costs in improving water quality. This study suggested a method to reduce water quality management cost by redistributing reduction load considering cost-effectiveness for an entire watershed. The assessment on the suggested method is conducted in Youngsan river watershed. Without variation in total load, reduction load assigned for unit watershed and unit district is retributed in the region where pollutant source is concentrated, and then water quality and cost reduction improved from the redistribution of reduction load is analyzed. The results show that the cost saved by the suggested method is KRW 124 billion for scenario-1 and 172 billion for scenario-2 considering total cost of KRW 788 billion for the existing plan. We expect that the suggested method is a good example to reduce water quality management cost in local governments for TMDL.