• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2007

배경: 엡스타인 기형 환자들에서 수술적 치료의 임상적 결과를 살펴보기 위해 후향적 조사를 실시하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1984년 2월부터 2006년 6월까지 엡스타인 기형으로 수술적 치료를 시행 받은 50명의 환자들을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 환자들의 평균 연령은 26.9세였고, 남자가 19명이었다. 동반 심질환으로는 심방중격결손(33), 동맥관개존(2), 심실중격결손(1), 폐동맥협착(4) 등이 있었고 90% (45/50)의 환자에서 중증도 이상의 삼첨판막 폐쇄부전을 동반하였다. Carpentier type은 A형 6명, B형 26명, C형 14명, D형 4명이 속하였고 10명의 환자에서 WPW증후군을 동반하였다. 수술방법으로는 31명의 환자에서 보존적 수술(삼첨판 성형술, 심방화 우심실 주름잡기술(plication of atrialized RV) 등)이 가능하였으며, 폰탄씨 수술은 4명, 삼첨판막 치환술 12명, 고식적 수술은 2명의 환자에서 시행되었다. 13명의 환자에서 양방향성 상대정맥-폐동맥 단락술을 시행하였고(one and a half ventricular repair), WPW 증후군을 동반한 10명의 환자와 심방세동의 4명의 환자에서 부정맥에 대한 수술적 치료가 함께 시행되었다. 걸과: 술 후 뉴욕심장학회 기능분류(New York Heart Association Functional Class) (중간값 3 (범위: $1{\sim}4$)${\rightarrow}\;(1{\sim}3)$)와 평균 심흉비$(0.65{\rightarrow}0.59)$는 술 전에 비해 통계학적으로 의미 있게 감소하였다(P<0.001, p=0.014). 평균 산소포화도$(86.6{\rightarrow}94.1%)$와 삼첨판막역류 정도(중간값 4 (범위: $1{\sim}4$)${\rightarrow}1\;(0{\sim}4)$) 역시 술 전에 비해 술 후 통계학적으로 의미 있게 향상되었다 (p=0.004, p<0.001). 양방향성 상대정맥-폐동맥 단락술과 보존적 수술간의 비교에서는 수술 전 우심실 압력(33.0 vs 41.3 mmHg), 중환자실 기간(2.86 vs 1.89일), 입원기간(10.6 vs 16.8일), 그리고 수술 후 좌심실 구축률(64.3 vs 72.8%)이 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이를 보였다. 술 후 조기사망이 3명(6%)의 환자에서 있었는데 2명은 양심실 부전, 나머지 1명은 패혈증으로 사망하였다. 평균 추적관찰 기간은 101.5개월이었으며 추적 조사 결과, 심장관련사망이 1명(폰탄 실패)이 있었고 6명의 환자에서 재수술을 요하였다(조직판막 퇴행성 변화(2), 폰탄 전환술(4)). 수술 후 10년 생존율은 90.2%였고, 10년 재수술 자유도는 78.9%, 심장관련 합병증의 자유도는 49.2%이었다. 걸론: 엡스타인 기형의 수술적 치료는 비교적 안전하게 시행될 수 있으며 양방향성 상대정맥-폐동맥 단락술의 추가가 고위험군에서는 도움이 되는 것으로 생각한다. 적절한 술기의 적응이 결국 장기 생존율의 호전과 재수술의 감소를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.161-177
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• 2014

기업신용등급은 금융시장의 신뢰를 구축하고 거래를 활성화하는데 있어 매우 중요한 요소로서, 오래 전부터 학계에서는 보다 정확한 기업신용등급 예측을 가능케 하는 다양한 모형들을 연구해 왔다. 구체적으로 다중판별분석(Multiple Discriminant Analysis, MDA)이나 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석(multinomial logistic regression analysis, MLOGIT)과 같은 통계기법을 비롯해, 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Networks, ANN), 사례기반추론(Case-based Reasoning, CBR), 그리고 다분류 문제해결을 위해 확장된 다분류 Support Vector Machines(Multiclass SVM)에 이르기까지 다양한 기법들이 학자들에 의해 적용되었는데, 최근의 연구결과들에 따르면 이 중에서도 다분류 SVM이 가장 우수한 예측성과를 보이고 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 다분류 SVM의 성능을 한 단계 더 개선하기 위한 대안으로 유전자 알고리즘(GA, Genetic Algorithm)을 활용한 최적화 모형을 제안한다. 구체적으로 본 연구의 제안모형은 유전자 알고리즘을 활용해 다분류 SVM에 적용되어야 할 최적의 커널 함수 파라미터값들과 최적의 입력변수 집합(feature subset)을 탐색하도록 설계되었다. 실제 데이터셋을 활용해 제안모형을 적용해 본 결과, MDA나 MLOGIT, CBR, ANN과 같은 기존 인공지능/데이터마이닝 기법들은 물론 지금까지 가장 우수한 예측성과를 보이는 것으로 알려져 있던 전통적인 다분류 SVM 보다도 제안모형이 더 우수한 예측성과를 보임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-52
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• 2012

Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제8권
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• pp.87-93
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• 1967

acaricide로 알려진 phthalimidomethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioat (Imidan)을 수도(水稻)에 살포(撒布)했을 때 Imidan과 그 대사물질(代謝物質)이 식물(植物)의 생육(生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하기 위하여 본(本) 실험(實驗)을 하였으며 이의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)해 보면 다음과 같다. (1) Imian의 대사물질(代謝物質)로 예상(豫想)되는 다음의 8가지 화합물(化合物)을 합성(合成) 또는 정제(精製)하여 공시약제(供試藥劑)로 사용(使用)하였다. (a) N-Hydroxy methyl phthalimide (b) Phalimide (c) Phthalamdic acid (d) Phthalic acid (e) Anthranilic acid (f) p-amino benzoic acid (g) p-hydroxu benzoic acid (h) Benzoic acid (2) 상기(上記) 물질중(物質中)에서 (a),(c),(d),(e)와 Imidan의 각(各) 10 ppm과 20 ppm 의 Buffer Solution 을 만들어 밀 종자(種子)를 가지고 coleoptile straight growth test를 해 본 결과(結果) Imidan 은 10 ppm 과 20 ppm에서 모두 control 보다 생장(生長)의 촉진효과(促進效果)를 보였으며 기중(其中) phthalamidic acid 10 ppm 이 가장 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. 이것으로 보아 Imidan 자체(自體)는 생장(生長) 억제(抑制)의 효과(效果)를f 보이나 이것이 일단(一但) 생체내(生體內)에서 가수분해(加水分解)를 비롯한 각종(各種) 대사작용(代謝作用)을 받으면 그 대사산물(代謝産物)이 식물생장(植物生長)을 촉진(促進)하는 효과(效果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 1, Fig. 1 참조(參照)) (3) xylene을 용매(溶媒)로 하여 Imidan 유제(乳劑)를 만들고 이것을 희석(稀釋)하여 20 ppm, 100 ppm 및 200 ppm 의 각(各) 농도(濃度) 유화액(乳化液)을 조제(調製)한 후 이것을 배지(培地)로 하여 수도종자(水稻種子)를 발아(發芽)시킨 후 12 일(日)에 shoot와 root의 길이를 측정(測定)하였다. 이의 결과(結果)를 보면 root는 Imidan 20 ppm에서, shoot 는 Imidan 100 ppm에서 모두 xylene만의 유제구(乳劑區)인 control 보다 좋은 효과(效果)를 보였으며 여기에서 흥미(興味)있는 것은 용매(溶媒)로 사용(使用)된 xylene은 수도종자(水稻種子) 뿌리의 발육(發育)에 심(甚)한 억제효과(抑制效果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 2, Table 5 참조(參照)) (4) 벼를 pot에 심고 2회(回)에 걸쳐 control, Imidan, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide, anthranilic acid 및 phthalimide의 10, 25, 50, 100 ppm 농도(濃度)의 각(各) 유제(乳劑)를 살포하고 일정기간후(一定期間後) 생육상(生育相)을 조사(調査)하였더니 Imidan 구(區)와 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide 구(區)가 control 보다 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. (5) Imidan 250 ppm 유제(乳劑)를 수도엽면(水稻葉面)에 살포(撒布)하고 3 일(日), 5 일(日), 7 일(日) 및 14일후(日後)에 일정량(一定量)의 엽경(葉莖)을 채취(採取)하여 acetone으로 추출(抽出)k고 acetonitrile을 가지고 prechromatographic piriication 을 거쳐 paper chromatography에 의(依)하여 다음과 같은 대사물질(代謝物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. Imidan $(Rf:\;0.97{\sim}0.98)$, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide (Rf: 0.87), phthalimide $(Rf:\;0.86{\sim}0.87)$, phthalamidic acid $(Rf:\;0.13{\sim}0.14)$, phthalic acid $(Rf:\;0.02{\sim}0.03)$, benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.42{\sim}0.43)$ 및 p-amino benzoic acid 또는 p-hydroxy benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.08{\sim}0.09)$와 Rf=0.73, 0.59, 0.33, 0.23, 0.07의 미지물질(未知物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. 또한 3일(日), 5일(日) 등(等) 초기(初期)에서는 미분해(未分解)의 Imidan과 최초(最初)의 가수분해(加水分解) 산물(産物)인 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide등(等)이 비교적(比較的) 다량(多量)으로 검출(檢出)되었으나 7일(日), 14일(日) 등(等) 후기(後期)에는 생체내(生體內)에서 더 많은 분해(分解)를 받아 상기(上記) 이성분(二成分)은 양(量)이 감소(減少)되고 phthalic acid, phthalamidic acid benzoic acid 및 p-hydroxy benzoic acid 또는 p-amino benzoic acid등(等)의 양(量)이 증가(增加)되는 것을 볼 수있었으며 도체상(稻體上)에 살포(撒布)된 Imidan 은 체내(體內)에 흡수(吸收)되어 14일(日)이 경과(經過)되면 대부분(大部分)이 분해(分解)를 받는 것으로 보여진다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 Imidan은 자체(自體)로서는 식물생장(植物生長) 촉진작용(促進作用)이 없으나 식물체내(植物體內)에서 여러 가지 대사작용(代謝作用)(enzyme의 작용(作用))을 맡아서 각종(各種) phthaloyl 영향(影響)을 주는 것으로 생각(生覺)된다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.158-169
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• 2004

목 적 : 인플루엔자는 매년 전 세계적인 유행을 일으키는 급성 호흡기 질환으로 높은 이환율과 사망률을 보이나 국내에서는 진단법에 있어 임상 진단에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 본 저자들은 2004년 상반기 부산 지역에서의 인플루엔자의 역학적 특성과 임상 양상 및 인플루엔자의 진단에 있어서 신속 항원 검사법인 QuickVue 인플루엔자 테스트의 유용성에 대하여 연구하여 인플루엔자 감시 및 진단, 치료에 있어서 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방 법 : 2004년 1월부터 6월까지 부산 메리놀병원 외래, 입원 및 응급실 방문 환아 중 인플루엔자 바이러스 감염이 의심이 되는 환아의 발병 시기, QuickVue 인플루엔자 테스트의 결과 및 인플루엔자 바이러스 배양 결과와 인플루엔자 바이러스가 배양된 환아들의 발병 시기, 성별, 연령, 임상진단, 임상 양상, 검사 소견, 인플루엔자 예방 접종 유무, QuickVue 인플루엔자 테스트 결과 및 치료 경과에 대하여 후향적으로 조사, 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 연구 기간 중 621명의 인플루엔자 의심 환아 중 QuikcVue 인플루엔자 테스트 양성은 181례(29.1%), 인플루엔자 바이러스 배양 양성은 79례(12.7%)이었다. 2) QuickVue 인플루엔자 테스트 양성 181례 중 74례(40.8%)에서 인플루엔자 바이러스가 배양되었고 QuickVue 인플루엔자 테스트 음성 440례 중 5례(1.1%)에서 인플루엔자 바이러스가 배양되었다. 3) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 환아들 중 A형 인플루엔자가 65례(82.2%), B형 인플루엔자가 14례(17.7%)이었다. 4) 인플루엔자 의심 환아 621명의 발병 월별 분포는 2004년 1월 32례(5.1%), 2월 67례(10.8%), 3월 298례(47.9%), 4월 204례(32.8%), 5월 14례(2.2%), 6월 6례(0.9%)로 3, 4월까지 집중적으로 발생하였고 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 79명의 발병 월별 분포는 3월 49명(62%), 4월 30명(37.9%)이었다. 5) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 79명 중 남아가 44명(55.6%), 여아가 35명(44.3%)으로 남녀 성비는 1.2 : 1로 남아가 더 많았다. 6) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 79명의 환아들의 중앙연령은 4년 6개월(11개월~16세) 이었고, A형은 4세 7개월(11개월~16세), B형은 5세 9개월(13개월~14세)로 A형이 B형보다 중앙 연령이 낮았다. 7) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 환아들의 임상진단은 기관지염이 27례(34.1%)로 가장 많았고, 폐렴 21례(25.3%), 합병증을 동반하지 않은 인플루엔자 18례(22.7%), 급성 중이염14례(17.7%), 크룹 5례(6.3%), 천식악화 3례(3.7%), 부비동염 1례(1.2%), 열성 경련 1례(1.2%)순이었으며 2가지 이상의 진단명을 가진 경우도 흔하였다. 8) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 환아들의 임상양상으로는 발열이 79명(100%)의 환자에서 나타났고 기침은 71명(89.8%)에서 나타났고 그 외 흔한 증상은 비루 71명(89.8%), 인두통 48명(60.7%), 두통 38명(48.1%), 오한 36명(45.5%), 근육통 30명(37.9%), 소화불량 28명(35.4%), 복통 19명(24.0%), 설사 16명(20.2%), 구토 5명(6.3%), 경련 2명(2.5%)순으로 나타났다. 9) 인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리된 환아들의 진찰 소견으로는 인두 발적 70명(88.6%), 편도 비대 41명(51.8%), 건성 수포음 26명(32.9%), 수포음 8명(10.1%), 고막 충혈 8명(10.1%), 결막 충혈 5명(6.3%), 천명 3명(3.7%), 협착음이 3명(3.7%)에서 동반되었다. 결 론 : 인플루엔자는 매년 겨울과 봄에 유행하는 소아 호흡기 감염의 중요한 원인으로 소아의 건강상에 많은 영향을 끼치고 있으므로 적절한 예방, 진단, 치료가 필수적이다. 인플루엔자의 진단에는 보편적으로 임상적 진단과 바이러스 배양법이 사용되었으나 신속 항원 진단법을 사용함으로써 간편하고 빠르게 진단하여 항생제의 사용을 줄이고 빠른 시기에 항바이러스제를 사용하고 입원 환아의 경우 격리를 하여 인플루엔자 바이러스의 전파를 감소시키는 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.337-349
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• 1992

The Tertiary basins in Korea have widely been studied by numerous researchers producing individual results in sedimentology, paleontology, stratigraphy, volcanic petrology and structural geology, but interdisciplinary studies, inter-basin analysis and basin-forming process have not been carried out yet. Major work of this study is to elucidate evidences obtained from different parts of a basin as well as different Tertiary basins (Pohang, Changgi, Eoil, Haseo and Ulsan basins) in order to build up the correlation between the basins, and an overall picture of the basin architecture and evolution in Korea. According to the paleontologic evidences the geologic age of the Pohang marine basin is dated to be late Lower Miocence to Middle Miocene, whereas other non-marine basins are older as being either Early Miocene or Oligocene(Lee, 1975, 1978: Bong, 1984: Chun, 1982: Choi et al., 1984: Yun et al., 1990: Yoon, 1982). However, detailed ages of the Tertiary sediments, and their correlations in a basin and between basins are still controversial, since the basins are separated from each other, sedimentary sequence is disturbed and intruded by voncanic rocks, and non-marine sediments are not fossiliferous to be correlated. Therefore, in this work radiometric, magnetostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data was integrated for the refinement of chronostratigraphy and synopsis of stratigraphy of Tertiary basins of Korea. A total of 21 samples including 10 basaltic, 2 porphyritic, and 9 andesitic rocks from 4 basins were collected for the K-Ar dating of whole rock method. The obtained age can be grouped as follows: $14.8{\pm}0.4{\sim}15.2{\pm}0.4Ma$, $19.9{\pm}0.5{\sim}22.1{\pm}0.7Ma$, $18.0{\pm}1.1{\sim}20.4+0.5Ma$, and $14.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}21.1{\pm}0.5Ma$. Stratigraphically they mostly fall into the range of Lower Miocene to Mid Miocene. The oldest volcanic rock recorded is a basalt (911213-6) with the age of $22.05{\pm}0.67Ma$ near Sangjeong-ri in the Changgi (or Janggi) basin and presumed to be formed in the Early Miocene, when Changgi Conglomerate began to deposit. The youngest one (911214-9) is a basalt of $14.64{\pm}0.66Ma$ in the Haseo basin. This means the intrusive and extrusive rocks are not a product of sudden voncanic activity of short duration as previously accepted but of successive processes lasting relatively long period of 8 or 9 Ma. The radiometric age of the volcanic rocks is not randomly distributed but varies systematically with basins and localities. It becomes generlly younger to the south, namely from the Changgi basin to the Haseo basin. The rocks in the Changgi basin are dated to be from $19.92{\pm}0.47$ to $22.05{\pm}0.67Ma$. With exception of only one locality in the Geumgwangdong they all formed before 20 Ma B.P. The Eoil basalt by Tateiwa in the Eoil basin are dated to be from $20.44{\pm}0.47$ to $18.35{\pm}0.62Ma$ and they are younger than those in the Changgi basin by 2~4 Ma. Specifically, basaltic rocks in the sedimentary and voncanic sequences of the Eoil basin can be well compared to the sequence of associated sedimentary rocks. Generally they become younger to the stratigraphically upper part. Among the basin, the Haseo basin is characterized by the youngest volcanic rocks. The basalt (911214-7) which crops out in Jeongja-ri, Gangdong-myon, Ulsan-gun is $16.22{\pm}0.75Ma$ and the other one (911214-9) in coastal area, Jujon-dong, Ulsan is $14.64{\pm}0.66Ma$ old. The radiometric data are positively collaborated with the results of paleomagnetic study, pull-apart basin model and East Sea spreading theory. Especially, the successively changing age of Eoil basalts are in accordance with successively changing degree of rotation. In detail, following results are discussed. Firstly, the porphyritic rocks previously known as Cretaceous basement (911213-2, 911214-1) show the age of $43.73{\pm}1.05$ 및 $49.58{\pm}1.13Ma$(Eocene) confirms the results of Jin et al. (1988). This means sequential volcanic activity from Cretaceous up to Lower Tertiary. Secondly, intrusive andesitic rocks in the Pohang basin, which are dated to be $21.8{\pm}2.8Ma$ (Jin et al., 1988) are found out to be 15 Ma old in coincindence with the age of host strata of 16.5 Ma. Thirdly, The Quaternary basalt (911213-5 and 911213-6) of Tateiwa(1924) is not homogeneous regarding formation age and petrological characteristics. The basalt in the Changgi basin show the age of $19.92{\pm}0.47$ and $22.05{\pm}0.67$ (Miocene). The basalt (911213-8) in Sangjond-ri, which intruded Nultaeri Trachytic Tuff is dated to be $20.55{\pm}0.50Ma$, which means Changgi Group is older than this age. The Yeonil Basalt, which Tateiwa described as Quaternary one shows different age ranging from Lower Miocene to Upper Miocene(cf. Jin et al., 1988: sample no. 93-33: $10.20{\pm}0.30Ma$). Therefore, the Yeonil Quarterary basalt should be revised and divided into different geologic epochs. Fourthly, Yeonil basalt of Tateiwa (1926) in the Eoil basin is correlated to the Yeonil basalt in the Changgi basin. Yoon (1989) intergrated both basalts as Eoil basaltic andesitic volcanic rocks or Eoil basalt (Yoon et al., 1991), and placed uppermost unit of the Changgi Group. As mentioned above the so-called Quarternary basalt in the Eoil basin are not extruded or intruaed simultaneously, but differentiatedly (14 Ma~25 Ma) so that they can not be classified as one unit. Fifthly, the Yongdong-ri formation of the Pomgogri Group is intruded by the Eoil basalt (911214-3) of 18.35~0.62 Ma age. Therefore, the deposition of the Pomgogri Group is completed before this age. Referring petrological characteristics, occurences, paleomagnetic data, and relationship to other Eoil basalts, it is most provable that this basalt is younger than two others. That means the Pomgogri Group is underlain by the Changgi Group. Sixthly, mineral composition of the basalts and andesitic rocks from the 4 basins show different ground mass and phenocryst. In volcanic rocks in the Pohang basin, phenocrysts are pyroxene and a small amount of biotite. Those of the Changgi basin is predominant by Labradorite, in the Eoil by bytownite-anorthite and a small amount pyroxene.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1041-1043
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• 1993

Fuzzy logic based Control Theory has gained much interest in the industrial world, thanks to its ability to formalize and solve in a very natural way many problems that are very difficult to quantify at an analytical level. This paper shows a solution for treating membership function inside hardware circuits. The proposed hardware structure optimizes the memoried size by using particular form of the vectorial representation. The process of memorizing fuzzy sets, i.e. their membership function, has always been one of the more problematic issues for the hardware implementation, due to the quite large memory space that is needed. To simplify such an implementation, it is commonly [1,2,8,9,10,11] used to limit the membership functions either to those having triangular or trapezoidal shape, or pre-definite shape. These kinds of functions are able to cover a large spectrum of applications with a limited usage of memory, since they can be memorized by specifying very few parameters ( ight, base, critical points, etc.). This however results in a loss of computational power due to computation on the medium points. A solution to this problem is obtained by discretizing the universe of discourse U, i.e. by fixing a finite number of points and memorizing the value of the membership functions on such points [3,10,14,15]. Such a solution provides a satisfying computational speed, a very high precision of definitions and gives the users the opportunity to choose membership functions of any shape. However, a significant memory waste can as well be registered. It is indeed possible that for each of the given fuzzy sets many elements of the universe of discourse have a membership value equal to zero. It has also been noticed that almost in all cases common points among fuzzy sets, i.e. points with non null membership values are very few. More specifically, in many applications, for each element u of U, there exists at most three fuzzy sets for which the membership value is ot null [3,5,6,7,12,13]. Our proposal is based on such hypotheses. Moreover, we use a technique that even though it does not restrict the shapes of membership functions, it reduces strongly the computational time for the membership values and optimizes the function memorization. In figure 1 it is represented a term set whose characteristics are common for fuzzy controllers and to which we will refer in the following. The above term set has a universe of discourse with 128 elements (so to have a good resolution), 8 fuzzy sets that describe the term set, 32 levels of discretization for the membership values. Clearly, the number of bits necessary for the given specifications are 5 for 32 truth levels, 3 for 8 membership functions and 7 for 128 levels of resolution. The memory depth is given by the dimension of the universe of the discourse (128 in our case) and it will be represented by the memory rows. The length of a world of memory is defined by: Length = nem (dm(m)＋dm(fm) Where: fm is the maximum number of non null values in every element of the universe of the discourse, dm(m) is the dimension of the values of the membership function m, dm(fm) is the dimension of the word to represent the index of the highest membership function. In our case then Length=24. The memory dimension is therefore 128*24 bits. If we had chosen to memorize all values of the membership functions we would have needed to memorize on each memory row the membership value of each element. Fuzzy sets word dimension is 8*5 bits. Therefore, the dimension of the memory would have been 128*40 bits. Coherently with our hypothesis, in fig. 1 each element of universe of the discourse has a non null membership value on at most three fuzzy sets. Focusing on the elements 32,64,96 of the universe of discourse, they will be memorized as follows: The computation of the rule weights is done by comparing those bits that represent the index of the membership function, with the word of the program memor . The output bus of the Program Memory (μCOD), is given as input a comparator (Combinatory Net). If the index is equal to the bus value then one of the non null weight derives from the rule and it is produced as output, otherwise the output is zero (fig. 2). It is clear, that the memory dimension of the antecedent is in this way reduced since only non null values are memorized. Moreover, the time performance of the system is equivalent to the performance of a system using vectorial memorization of all weights. The dimensioning of the word is influenced by some parameters of the input variable. The most important parameter is the maximum number membership functions (nfm) having a non null value in each element of the universe of discourse. From our study in the field of fuzzy system, we see that typically nfm 3 and there are at most 16 membership function. At any rate, such a value can be increased up to the physical dimensional limit of the antecedent memory. A less important role n the optimization process of the word dimension is played by the number of membership functions defined for each linguistic term. The table below shows the request word dimension as a function of such parameters and compares our proposed method with the method of vectorial memorization[10]. Summing up, the characteristics of our method are: Users are not restricted to membership functions with specific shapes. The number of the fuzzy sets and the resolution of the vertical axis have a very small influence in increasing memory space. Weight computations are done by combinatorial network and therefore the time performance of the system is equivalent to the one of the vectorial method. The number of non null membership values on any element of the universe of discourse is limited. Such a constraint is usually non very restrictive since many controllers obtain a good precision with only three non null weights. The method here briefly described has been adopted by our group in the design of an optimized version of the coprocessor described in [10].

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

현재 침출용 티백은 그 편리성으로 인하여 전 세계적으로 녹차, 홍차, 커피 등에 다양하게 이용되고 있어 안전성 측면에서 침출용 티백에서 유래될 수 있는 가소제와 유해중금속의 잔류실태 및 식품으로의 이행정도를 조사하였다. 먼저 GC/FID를 이용하여 DEHA, DEHP등 총 16종의 가소제를 동시 분석할 수 있는 분석조건을 확립하였다. 이때 각 가소제 성분에 대한 회수율은 $82.7%\sim104.6%$ 범위였으며, RSD $0.6%\sim2.7%$, 상관계수 $0.9991\sim0.9999$로서 우수한 재현성 및 직선성을 나타내었다. 동 시험법을 적용하여 국내 유통 중인 침출용 티백 재질 143품목에 대하여 재질중에 함유된 가소제를 분석한 결과, 16종 모두 불검출이었고 침출용 티백 재질을 $95^{\circ}C$ 물에서 30분간 침출시켜 식품으로 이행되는 양을 분석한 결과에서도 16종의 가소제가 모두 불검출이었다. 또한, 티백 재질중 유해중금속인 납, 카드aba, 비소 및 알루미늄의 함유량을 ICP/AES를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 티백 재질당 납은 $trace\sim23{\mu}g$, 알루미늄은 $0.6\sim1718{\mu}g$으로 검출되었고, 카드뮴 및 비소는 모두 trace로 검출되었다. 티백 재질을 $95^{\circ}C$ 물에서 30분간 침출한 액에서는 티백당 납 및 알루미늄은 각각 $trace\sim11.5{\mu}g$ 및 $trace\sim20.8{\mu}g$으로 검출되었고, 카드뮴 및 비소는 모두 불검출이었다. 따라서 차를 음용하는 시간동안 침출용 티백으로부터 가소제 및 중금속의 이행에 따른 문제점은 없는 것으로 사료된다.X>$114.03{\pm}19.04mg%$, 된장이 $734.32{\pm}147.70mg%$, 청국장이 $600{\pm}150mg%$ 이었다. 색도를 측정한 결과 L(명도), a(적색도) 및 b(황색도)값의 평균치는 고추장은 각각 $14.49{\pm}1.44,\;15.45{\pm}1.77$및 $8.34{\pm}1.02$로 나타나 적색도에 있어서 다소 낮게 나타났고, 된장은 각각 $26.69{\pm}4.33,\;7.25{\pm}1.03$ 및 $12.02{\pm}1.82$로서 명도와 황색도가 다소 낮게 나타났다. 청국장은 각각 $35.62{\pm}2.05,\;6.31{\pm}0.37$ 및 $13.50{\pm}0.78$로 나타나 명도와 황색도에 있어서 다소 낮게 나타났다.m25$에 9.4%를 나타내었다. 신체발달점수에서 남대생은 68.3%가 $75\sim85$이었고, 86 이상이 25.3%로 나타난 반면, 여대생은 표준범위가 63.6%의 분포를 나타내었다. 여대생의 나트륨 섭취는 연령과 0.082의 유의성을 나타내었고, 남대생의 복부 지방률은 연령과 0.011의 유의적 차이를 나타내었으며, 여대생의 체단백질랑은 나트륨섭취와 -0.276의 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 조사에 의하면 탄수화물:단백질:지방 비율이 $46\sim54:16\sim17:30$ 이상의 수준이었고, 섬유소는 권장량의 20%, 칼슘은 권장량의 $77\sim83%$, 나트륨은 권장량의 $2\sim3$배를 섭취하였는데, 이러한 섭취경향은 체성분에서 특히 남대생 94%가 체단백질량이 표준이상인 반면 남대생

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.56-68
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• 1981

재래종의 수집종 가운데서 선접된 다종다벽계통 (약칭 : MET)의 일반적 대성을 분석하여 청예용 옥수수의 육종을 위한 기초자료를 얻고져 수행한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 주요 특성들의 환경변이와 유전변이를 추정하였던 바 MET계통의 분벽성, 개체당 이삭수(수수)는 환경변이보다도 유전변이가 큰 것으로 추정되었다. 개체당 건물중 및 건엽중 등도 유전변이가 커 MET 계통의 유전적 특성으로 확인되었다. 그러나 건기중, 입중 등은 환경변이가 컸었다. 2. 몇가지 특성의 평균치를 두 품종간에 비교하면 다음과 같다. 가. 분벽기수 및 이삭수 : 수원 19호는 환경변이 (파종기, 재식밀도)에 관계없이 분벽기이 없고 이삭수도 변하지 않았으나 MET계통은 분벽기수 및 이삭수가 크게 달라졌다. 나. 개체당 건물중, 건엽중 및 건기중 : 파종기나 재식밀도에 따라 다르기는 하지만 MET계통의 개체당 건물이 수원 19호보다 비교적 높았으며 건엽중은 월등히 높았고(1.5-2.5)배 개체당 건기중도 비교적 높았다. 다. 개체당 입중 및 입중 대 건기엽중비 : MET계통의 개체당 입중은 수원 19호보다 5～40% 낮았다. 따라서 MET계통의 입중 대 건기엽중비가 평균 35%였고 수원 19호는 41%로서 높았다. 3. MET계통은 파종 2주 후부터 분벽하기 시작하여 3 ～ 5일간격으로 다음 분벽이 되었으며 생육초기에 왕성하여 최고 6~7개에 이르나 2~3개만이 유효기으로 신장되였다. 유효기비율은 소식일수록 높았다. 분벽의 발생은 주기의 최하절읍부터 시작되는 데 하부절위가 짧아 한절위에서 분벽이 여러개 발생하는 것처럼 보였다. 제 1, 2분벽기의 기장은 주기의 것에 비하여 10cm 정도씩 짧았으며 재식밀도에 따라 주기 및 제일, 이분벽기의 기장은 소식(60$\times$60cm)한 경우 밀식(60$\times$20cm)한 경우와 같이 분벽들에 의한 밀식의 효과가 있었고 중간재식밀도(60$\times$40cm)인 경우에는 소ㆍ밀도의 중간되는 기장을 보였다. 4. MET계통은 개체당 이삭수가 많은 것에 반하여 이삭의 크기는 수원 19호의 \frac{1}{3}도 못되었다. 각분벽기에 달리는 이삭수는 소식의 경우 주기에 4개, 제일, 이분벽기에 2～3개씩 달렸다. MET계통의 입은 경입종이며 황색입이 주가되고 백색입이 약간 섞여 있었으며 100입중은 14~15gr. 의 소입종이었다. MET계통은 착수고가 수원 19호보다 훨씬 높았다. 5. 주요 특성간의 상간 : 수원 19호에 비하여 MET 계통은 주요 특성간에 높은 상관계수를 보여 유전상관도 높을 것이라는 것을 간접적으로 나타내주었다. 6. MET계통은 생장속도가 수원 19호보다 훨씬 늦었으며 개화기도 2~3주나 늦었다. 7. 흑조위축병 : 수원 19호와 같이 MET계통도 흑조위축병에 대해 이병성이었다. 이병성은 늦게 파종하거나 밀식할수록 높아지는 경향이 있었다.