• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.377-381
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• 2001

Chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene, crude chlorophylls and carotenoids (CCC) extracts of mustard leaf kimchi were isolated by DEAE-sepharose CL-6B and Sepharose CL-6B colume and TLC. The effects of chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene on linoleic acid autoxidation were examined by the determination of peroxide value and conjugated dienoic acid content. Among them, chlorophyll a showed greater antioxidative activity than others, followed by chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophytin b and $\beta$-carotene. Degradation of pheophytin b was observed to be slower than others and $\beta$-carotene showed highest degradation level during the autoxidation reaction of linoleic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.428-436
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• 2003

Epidemiological studies have observed a negative association between increased consumption of green and yellow vegetables and cancer incidence. These vegetables contain carotenoids, which are reported to exhibit anticarcinogenic effects. Overexpression of ErbB2 and ErbB3 genes is a frequent event in several human cancers. The present study was performed to determine whether $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene, lutein, or lycopene inhibits cell growth and to assess such an effect is related to changes in the levels of the ErbB receptor family and tile ErbB3 receptor signaling pathway in HT-29 cells. HT-29 cells were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of various concentrations (0~100 $\mu$M) of the individual carotenoids. $\alpha$ -Carotene and lycopene significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas lutein slightly inhibited cell growth and $\beta$-carotene increased cell growth. Lycopene is more potent than $\alpha$ -carotene in inhibiting HT-29 cell growth. Lycopene inhibited DNA synthesis and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells. The ErbB3 ligand heregulin (HRG) increased cell growth but did not prevent the lycopene-induced inhibition of cell growth. Lycopene decreased ErbB2 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation/Western blot studies revealed that lycopene inhibited HRG-induced phosphorylation of ErbB3, recruitment of the 985 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to the ErbB3 receptor, and phosphorylation of Akt. These results indicate that downregulation of ErbB2/ErbB3/PI3K/Akt signaling may be one of the mechanisms by which lycopene inhibits HT-29 cell pro-liferation and induces apoptosis.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2011

Several reports indicated that astaxanthin and zeaxanthin have more active anticancer activity than pro-vitamin A carotenes. ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase is a key enzyme to synthesize zeaxanthin and astaxanthin in carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. We isolated the ChyB gene encoding ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase from tomato leaves. The ChyB gene (1.5Kbp) fragment was cloned into the binary vector and designated to pIG121-ChyB-tom. Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration was used for transient assay in Nicotiana benthamiana. Leaf samples were collected 0, 1, 2, 3 days after infiltration (DAI). RT-PCR result showed that the expression of ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase transcripts was not detected in control (0DAI), but its expression was detected after 1 DPI and increased later on. When the activity of ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase was measured, the 1,1-diphenyl-pricryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (27%) at 2 DAI was significantly higher than that (21%) at 0 DAI. These results indicated that anti-oxidant activity dramatically increased at 2 DAI in tobacco leaves was due to over expression of tomato ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase. These results can be the foundation to develop tomato cultivars with high oxy-carotenoids content using the ChyB gene transformation.

• Food Industry And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.44-49
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• 2002

본 연구는 retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene보충식이가 에탄올에 의한 산화적 손상에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 흰쥐에게 비타민 A와 $\beta$-carotene을 보충한 식이를 5주간 급여한 후 에탄올을 급성으로 투여하여 혈청과 간 조직에서 생성되는 지질과 지질과산화물 함량 그리고 glucose-6-phosphatase 활성도를 측정하였다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 체중 증가량은 전 실험군에서 유의적인 차이없이 실험 기간 동안 증가되었으며 사료섭취량과 식이효율을 그리고 간 중량 역시 각 군 모두 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈청 중성지질 함량은 대조군과 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 높은 함량을 보였으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 총 콜레스테를 함량은 대조군과 $\beta$-carotene 보충군은 비슷한 수준을 나타낸 반면 retinyl acetate 보충군에서는 유의적으로 감소되었다. HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군에서 가장 높았으며 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 유의적이지는 않았으나 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. 동맥경화지수는 전 실험군에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 가장 낮았다. 간 마이크로솜 내에서 지질과산화물 함량은 재도군에 비하여 $\beta$-carotene 보충군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. Retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene 보충군 사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 급성적인 에탄올 투여시에 $\beta$-carotene의 보충 급여가 지질과산화반응에 방어효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 간 조직중의 glucose-6-phosphatase 활성도는 비타민을 정상적으로 공급시킨 대조군이 retinyl acetate나 B-carotene 보충군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며 retinyl acetat와 B-carotene 보충군 사이에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

The micronucleus test using peripheral blood reticulocytes (RETs) was evaluated in ICR mice treated with N-methyI-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] as model clastogens. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in both positive compounds was similar to other results which were reported previously. On the other hand, an anticlastogenic effect of the natural antioxidant, $\beta$-carotene and one of taroholds, galangin as model anticlastogens were investigated using simultaneous treatment. Mice were treated with a model clastogen alone, or with a model clastogen and a model anficlastogen simultaneously. Both $\beta$-carotene and galangin showed anticlastogenic effects against MNU- or B(a)P-induced micronuclei in mice. However, galangin has stronger activity than $\beta$-carotene. Results from our experiment suggest that the in vivo supravital staining micronucleus test using peripheral blood is useful in the evaluation of clastogenic and anticlastogenic effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin A or $\beta$-carotene on oxidative damage induced by acute ethanol administration. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on the experimental diets supplemented with retinyl acetate (2.86 mg/kg diet) or $\beta$-carotene (15.2 mg/kg diet) for 5 weeks. After fed the diet, rats were administered 20% ethanol solution (3g/kg B.W.) acutely. Lipid peroxide values in hepatic tissue, hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities and contents of antioxidative nutrient such as vitamins A and E in serum and hepatic tissue were measured. Hepatic level of malondialdehyde decreased in $\beta$-carotene group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in retinal acetate group than in the control group. Hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity of retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups significantly decreased as compared with that of control group. The hepatic content of retinol increased in retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups, especially, in retinyl acetate group. But there was no significant difference in serum content of retinol among the groups. Hepatic content of $\alpha$-tocopherol was significantly increased in retinyl acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. In conclusion, acute ethanol administration might induce lipid peroxidation, and the dietary supplementation of retinyl acetate or $\beta$-carotene improve partly the antioxidative system through activation of superoxide dismutase and retention of hepatic $\alpha$-tocopherol in ethanol-treated rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2006

To determine the effects of ${\beta}$-carotene on the control of mastitis in dairy cows during the dry period, 38 dairy cows (18 mastitic cows and 20 healthy cows) were administered with 5 ml of ${\beta}$-carotene (30 mg/ml) intramuscularly twice (4 week intervals). Blood samples were taken from the cows before the injection and two weeks after the second injection, respectively, and were measured for the proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte proliferation responses. With ${\beta}$-carotene injection, the proportion of cells expressing BoCD2, BoCD4 and B and N cells increased in healthy cows. In the presence of mitogens, lymphocytes from healthy cows showed significantly higher proliferation responses after ${\beta}$-carotene injection than before (p < 0.05), The somatic cell counts in ${\beta}$-carotene injected group decreased from 1,001,00 cells/ml at dry off to 647,000 cell/ml and 447 cells/ml at the stage of first and second weeks after calving, respectively (p < 0,05), This study indicated that ${\beta}$-carotene as a nonspecific immunostimulator could have a definite role for the prevention of intramammary infections in dairy cows at dry period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2023

We optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction to improve the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from the microalgae Acutodesmus reginae. To optimize this extraction process, we investigated the effects of solvent type, solvent concentration, extraction time, extraction number, and extraction power on the production of lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, and chlorophylls a, and b. After sequential optimization of these main variables, the maximum amount of each compound was extracted at 30℃ with an ultrasound power of 80 W and using 99.5% methanol. Under these optimum conditions, the amount of lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, and chlorophylls a, and b, were measured as 10.43, 8.66, 3.76, 15.43, and 6.39 mg/g dry matter respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.2 s.52
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• pp.186-192
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the organic acids, polyphenols, pigments and fiber materials concentration with a different stalk position and grade of korean leaf tobaccos. Eight kinds of flue-cured leaf tobaccos which were different stalk position and grade were used for this study. Three kinds of major organic acids(citric, malic and oxalic), 2 kinds of polyphenols(chlorogenic acid and rutin), 3 kinds of pigments($\beta$-carotene, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b), and 2 kinds of fiber components(pectin and lignin) were analyzed. All of these chemical components were changed with a different stalk position. When the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-a, and lignin concentration were low in the middle stalk position and high in both bottom and upper position, oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid show the highest concentration in the middle stalk position. All of these chemical components also changed with a different grade of leaf tobaccos. As the citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b, and lignin concentration decreased as the grade ascended, the oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration increased as the grade ascended. This results assumed that the quality of korean leaf tobacco was directly proportional to oxalic acid and chlorogenic acid concentration but it was inversely proportional to citric acid, malic acid, $\beta-carotene$, chlorophyll-b and lignin concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the contents of antioxidative components from pulpy and seed in wild haw (Crataegus pinnatifida $B_{UNGE}$). Pulpy and seed of haw were smashed, then measured for color properties, antioxidative components of ascorbic acid, phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin, total carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a, b and tannin. The $a^*$, $b^*$ and $C^*$ values of seed were significantly lower than pulpy, but $L^*$ and $H^{\circ}$ values were higher than that of pulpy. Ascorbic acid contents of pulpy and seed were found to be $10.89{\pm}1.69mg/100g$ and $1.45{\pm}0.16mg/100g$, respectively. Phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, total carotene and tannin contents of pulpy and seed were $689.17{\pm}3.63mg/g$, $597.78{\pm}2.93mg/g$; $355.61{\pm}19.39mg/g$, $49.12{\pm}4.97mg/g$; $8.32{\pm}0.42mg%$, $0.80{\pm}0.01mg%$; $7.53{\pm}0.09mg/g$, $1.02{\pm}0.03mg/g$, respectively. Similarly, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of pulpy also displayed higher values than that of seed. On the contrary, anthocyanin content of seed ($4.24{\pm}0.33mg/L$) was remarkably higher than pulpy ($0.99{\pm}0.62mg/L$). The results showed that pulpy could be severed as great natural antioxidant and biohealth functional food.