• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.6039-6046
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• 2015

Aims: To investigate effect of metallic nanoparticles, silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as antitumor treatment in vitro against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and their associated mechanisms. This could provide new class of engineered nanoparticles with desired physicochemical properties and may present newer approaches for therapeutic modalities to breast cancer in women. Materials and Methods: A human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was used as a model of cells. Metallic nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles on MCF-7 cells were followed by colorimetric SRB cell viability assays, microscopy, and cellular uptake. Nature of cell death was further investigated by DNA analysis and flow cytometry. Results: Treatment of MCF-7 with different concentrations of 5-10nm diameter of AgNPs inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 value of $6.28{\mu}M$, whereas treatment of MCF-7 with different concentrations of 13-15nm diameter of AuNPs inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 value of $14.48{\mu}M$. Treatment of cells with a IC50 concentration of AgNPs generated progressive accumulation of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and prevented entry into the M phase. The treatment of cells with IC50 concentrations of AuNPs similarly generated progressive accumulation of cells in sub-G1 and S phase, and inhibited the entrance of cells into the M phase of the cell cycle. DNA fragmentation, as demonstrated by electrophoresis, indicated induction of apoptosis. Conclusions: Our engineered silver nanoparticles effectively inhibit the proliferation of human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 in vitro at high concentration ($1000{\mu}M$) through apoptotic mechanisms, and may be a beneficial agent against human carcinoma but further detailed study is still needed.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.8-15
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• 2018

Solvent extraction behavior of light rare earth elements (Pr, Nd) and medium rare erath elements (Tb, Dy) in the HCl-PC88A-kerosene extraction system was investigated in order to separate high-purity light rare earths (Pr, Nd) and medium rare earths (Tb, Dy) in the mixed rare earth chloride solution. In the batch test step, it was confirmed that the separation efficiency was good when the extractant concentration (PC88A) was 0.5 M, the equilibrium pH after extraction was 0.8 to 1.0 (initial pH 1.3 of the feed), the concentrations of hydrochloric acid in scrubbing solution was set as 0.1 M, the concentrations of hydrochloric acid in stripping solution was set as 2.0 M or more. Based on the experimental data obtained from the batch test, the mixer-settler was composed as follows; 4 stages of extraction, 8 stages of scrubbing, 4 stages of stripping, and 3 stages of pickling organic solution. The Mixer-settler was operated for 180 hours, and the operating conditions were continuously adjusted to obtain the high-purity light/medium rare earths. Finally, the purity of light (Pr, Nd) and medium rare earth elements (Tb, Dy) was reached as 3 N class.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in nutrient intake according to using diuretics, symptom severity and degree of physical functioning in heart failure patients. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted by using baseline data of an intervention study for heart failure patients. In this study, 131 heart failure patients were included. Data were collected using medical records, NYHA (New York Heart Association functional classification) class, and 6-minute-walking test and 24-hour diet recall. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test by SPSS 21.0. Nutrient intake was assessed using CAN-pro 2.0. Results: Majority of the participants consumed total calorie less than Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) and consumed carbohydrates more than 65% of their total calorie intakes. 24.4% of the participants consumed fat more than 30% of their total calorie intakes and 23.7% consumed saturated fat more than 7% of their total calorie intakes. 100.0% of the participants consumed protein less than 7% of their total calorie intakes and 73.3% of the participants consumed more than recommended intakes of sodium. More than 90.0% of the participants consumed less than adequate intakes of potassium (90.1%) and Vitamin D (91.6%), respectively. 100% and 62.6% of the participants consumed less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of magnesium and Vitamin $B_1$, respectively. Nutrient intakes in heart failure patients were different for potassium intake according to the usage of diuretics. The participants with symptom severity tended to intake protein less properly and the participants walking more than 300.0 m tended to intake sodium improperly high. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated the need for screening nutrient intakes of heart failure patients. It is necessary to increase the intake of total calories and most nutrients and to restrict sodium intakes among heart failure patients.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2016

Lectins belong to the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) class and play important roles in the recognition and elimination of pathogens via the innate immune system. Recently, it was reported that lily-type lectin-1 is involved when a pathogen attacks in the early immune response of fish. However, this study is limited to information that the lectin is involved in the innate immune response against viral infection. In the present study, the lily-type lectin-2 and -3 of Oplegnathus fasciatus (OfLTL-2 and 3) have been presented to be included B-lectin domain and two D-mannose binding sites in the amino acid sequence that an important feature for the fundamental structure. To investigate the functional properties of OfLTLs, the tissue distribution in the healthy rock bream and temporal expression during early developmental stage analysis are performed using quantitative real-time PCR. OfLTL-2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in the liver and skin, but rarely expressed in other organ. Also, the transcripts of OfLTLs are not expressed during the early developmental stage but its transcripts are increased after immune-related organs which are fully formed. In the challenge experiment with RBIV (rock bream iridovirus), the expression of OfLTLs was increased much more strongly in the late response than the early, unlike previously known. These results suggest that OfLTLs are specifically expressed in the immune-related tissues when those organs are fully formed and it can be inferred that the more intensively involved in the second half to the virus infection.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-114
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of digital mathematics textbook on spatial abilities, interest and achievement of 6th graders. For this, research questions were set as follow: A. Is there any difference in cognitive ability in the space perception test between the experimental group and the control group. B. What distinctive attributes exist between the experimental group and the control group in the Spatial abilities? C. Is there any difference in learners' interest and achievement between the experiment group and the control group. To investigate the research questions, two classes of 6th grade children were selected from an elementary school in Daejeon and assigned one as experimental group and the other as control group. The experimental group studied mathematics using Digital Textbooks under an individual PC environment while the control group studied using the existing book-type textbooks. The following results and conclusions were obtained from the research. First, the effect of the Digital Textbooks on children's mathematics achievement was not statistically meaningful even though there was some progress in children's achievement. Furthermore, it was not found that the usage of a Digital Textbooks consistently influenced improvement in the students' interest in mathematics. Second, there were some positive changes in the achievement of Spatial ability of the middle subgroup of pretest score in the experiment group. It can have some educational implication that the Digital Textbooks can affect positively to the middle group in mathematics achievement who dominated more than 50% of the class. Third, the number of correct answers was found to be somewhat higher than that of the control group in spatial reasoning items. This means that the learning environment with Digital Textbooks allow more opportunities for manipulating geometric objects physically and mentally. Therefore, It seems necessary to offer various resources such as digital contents for students' geometric learning. For future research, It is strongly recommended to fix the bugs of the digital textbook programs and to upgrade the operating system of the computer.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to construct two equivalent science relevance recognition test tool after confirming the reliability and validity of the CARS(Changes in Attitude of Relevance to Science) questionnaire to determine the applicability of the items to Korean students and to compare gender and school differences. For this study, 59 items of the CARS scientific relevance test were translated and assigned to 787 middle and high school students (analyed the answer of 300 middle school students and 431 high school students). In order to determine the fit of the CARS question to Korean students and to overcome the limitation of the number of questions, we used the item-linking method of the Rasch model. By analyzing the results of the research, we constructed two equivalent scientific relevance recognition questionnaires of CARS-A and CARS-B with 25 items. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the Rasch scores of the two equivalent test was 0.78. The two types of scientific relevance recognition test tools generated through this study can be used to confirm students' attitude of scientific relevance to daily life, or to confirm the change after a certain class or grade. Through this study, we will discuss the implications of students' perceptions of science associations in science education, and the development and application of tools.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2016

The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) introduced its new Mission Oriented Evaluation System (MOES) for government affiliated research institutes and Government Supported Research Institutes (GSRI) on science and technology in 2013. The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) is the first MOES applied Science and Technology (S&T) GSRI, that has research divisions focusing on geoscience and geological surveys, mineral resources extraction and utilization, petroleum extraction and marine mineral research, and geological applied and environment research. In appling the final evaluation of MOES on KIGAM, we found difficulty classifing the concepts of research excellence and risk (innovativeness) in guidelines of Research Evaluation Indicators (REIs) of MSIP. We have developed quantitative and qualitative indicators that can present research excellence and risk (innovativeness) through the KIGAM World Class Laboratory (WCL) strategy and related studies, innovative research and development guidelines of MSIP (2013a) and honorable R&D failure guidelines of MSIP (2013b). We have applied our developed REIs in KIGAM which handles basic research, applied and development research and public services. Therefore, our developed REIs can be effectively applied in every S&T GSRI.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2005

This paper presents the image feature extraction method and the image classification technique to select the harmful image flowed from the Internet by grade of image contents such as harmlessness, sex-appealing, harmfulness (nude), serious harmfulness (adult) by the characteristic of the image. In this paper, we suggest skin area detection technique to recognize whether an input image is harmful or not. We also propose the ROI detection algorithm that establishes region of interest to reduce some noise and extracts harmful degree effectively and defines the characteristics in the ROI area inside. And this paper suggests the multiple-SVM training method that creates the image classification model to select as 4 types of class defined above. This paper presents the multiple-SVM classification algorithm that categorizes harmful grade of input data with suggested classification model. We suggest the skin likelihood image made of the shape information of the skin area image and the color information of the skin ratio image specially. And we propose the image feature vector to use in the characteristic category at a course of traininB resizing the skin likelihood image. Finally, this paper presents the performance evaluation of experiment result, and proves the suitability of grading image using image feature classification algorithm.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.583-613
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• 2010

Mathematics anxiety is likely to be a drag on mathematics learning if that is left alone, and it is important to grasp the cause of mathematics anxiety and devise how to get rid of it. The purpose of this study was to examine the cause of mathematics anxiety among elementary school children, to develop a math-friendly activity program geared toward easing mathematics anxiety and to check the effect of the developed program on the alleviation of mathematics anxiety. The subjects in this study were 32 students in a fourth-grade class in I elementary school located in Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul. A math-friendly activity program was designed to alleviate the mathematics anxiety of the five subfactors-test anxiety, time constraints, comprehension, learning motivation and parent attitude-on which the students scored higher than their pretest collective averages. The mathematics anxiety pretest data, the objectives and content system of the current 7th national mathematics curriculum and the mathematics textbooks for 4-A and 4-B were analyzed to develop the math-friendly activity program that consisted of psychological remedy (positive thinking training) and non-psychological remedy (mathematics activities). After the program was implemented, we analyze the pretest and posttest mathematics anxiety data to determine the effect of the program. As a result, the collective averages of every student on math anxiety and its subfactors were lower in the posttest than in the pretest.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-85
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was carried out to know the effects of Danggwisayeokgaohsuyusaenggang-tang(hereinafter referred to DST) on arthritis induced by collagen on DBA/1 OlaHsd mice. Methods : For this purpose, DST was orally administered to mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II. Cytotoxicity, high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC) analysis, arthritis index, value of immunocyte in draining lymph node and paw joint, cytokine were measured in vivo. Results : 1. The cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells(hFCs) was not measured in any concentration. 2. In HPLC analysis, There are high peak patterns at 8 minute(min), 12 min, 35 min, 45 min. 3. The arthritis index was decreased significantly. 4. The degree of arthritis induced damage of joint of DST group is slight compared with control group in histopathologic observation(Hematoxylin and eosin stain(H&E), Masson's trichrome(M-T) staining). 5. In total cell counts of draining lymph node(DLN) and paw joint, the cells in DLN decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and the cells in paw joint decreased significantly on 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. 6. In DLN, $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$, major histocompatibility complex(MHC), class-II/$CD11c^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg $CD3^+/CD8^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 200 mg/kg, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+/CD44^+$ cells decreased. 7. In paw joints, $CD4^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. 8. In joints, levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cyclo-oxygenase-2(COX-2), NOS-II were decreased on DST 200 mg/kg and DST 50 mg/kg. 9. In analysing of cytokine in CD3/CD28 activated spleen, IL-17 was decreased significantly, IL-4 was increased significantly $INF-{\gamma}$ was decreased on DST 200 mg/kg. 10. In analysing of cytokine in collagen activated spleen, IL-17 were decreased significantly, IL-4 was increased significantly. Conclusions : This results demonstrated that DST suppressed the inflammatory progression of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) mice and supported further studies are required to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.