• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.763-777
• /
• 2022

Objective: Excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes results in prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Curcumin (CUR), a naturally phenolic active ingredient, has been shown to have lipid-lowering effects. However, its underlying mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Therefore, the study aims to determine the effect of CUR on cellular lipid accumulation in porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA) and to clarify novel mechanisms. Methods: The PSPA were cultured and treated with or without CUR. Both cell counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were used to examine cytotoxicity. Intracellular lipid contents were measured by oil-red-o staining extraction and triglyceride quantification. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labelling assay. Adipogenic and apoptosis genes were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: The CUR dose-dependently reduced the proliferation and lipid accumulation of PSPA. Noncytotoxic doses of CUR (10 to 20 μM) significantly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and expression of adipogenic genes peroxisome proliferation-activity receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, adipocyte protein-2, glucose transporter-4 as well as key lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, while ERK1/2 activation significantly reversed CUR-reduced lipid accumulation by increasing PPAR-γ. Furthermore, compared with differentiation induced media treated cells, higher dose of CUR (30 μM) significantly decreased the expression of AKT and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), while increased the expression of BCL-2-associated X (BAX) and the BAX/BCL-2 expression ratio, suggesting triggered apoptosis by inactivating AKT and increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3 expression. Moreover, AKT activation significantly rescued CUR inhibiting lipid accumulation via repressing apoptosis. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CUR is capable of suppressing differentiation by inhibiting ERK1/2-PPAR-γ signaling pathway and triggering apoptosis via decreasing AKT and subsequently increasing BAX/BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-3, suggesting that CUR provides an important method for the reduction of porcine body fat, as well as the prevention and treatment of human obesity.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.131-153
• /
• 1984

Fishery resources are still abundant compared with other resources and the possibility of exploitation is probably great. The Korean fishery industry has grown remarkably since 1957, and Korea is ranked as one of the major fishery countries. Its of fishery products reached the 9th in the world and the value of exports was 5th in 1982. But recently a growth rate has slowed down, due to the enlargement of territorial seas by the declaration of the 200 mile, Exclusive Economic Zone, the tendency to develop fishery resources strate-gically in international bargaining, the change in function of the international organizations, the expansion of regulated waters, the illegal arrest of our fishing boats, the rapid rise in oil prices, and the fall in fish prices, the development of fishery resources as a symbol of nationalism, the fishing boats decreptitude, the rise of crew wages, regulations on fishing methods, fish species, fishing season, size of fish, and mesh size, fishing quotas and the demand of excessive fishing royalties. Besides the the obligation of coastal countries, employing crews of their host countries is also an example of the change in the international environment which causes the aggravation of foreign profit of fishing firms. To ameliorate the situation, our Korean fishery firms must prepare efficient plans and study systematically to internationalize themselves because such existing methods as conventional fishing entry and licence fishing entry are likely to be unable to cope with international environmental change. Thus, after the systematic analysis of the problem, some new combined alternatives might be proposed. These are some of the new schemes to support this plan showing the orientation of our national policy: 1. Most of the coastal states, to cope with rapid international environmental change and to survive in the new era of ocean order, have rationalized their higher governmental structure concerning the fishery industries. And the coastal countries which are the objectives of our expecting entry, demand excessive economic and technical aid, limit the number of fishing boats’entry and the use of our foreign fishing bases, and regulate the membership of the international fishery commissions. Especially, most of the coastal or island countries are recently independent states, which are poorer in national budget, depend largely on fishing royalties and licence entry fees as their main resources of national finance. 2. Alternatives to our entry to deep sea fishing, as internationalization strategies, are by direct foreign investment method. About 30 firms have already invested approximately US $ 8 million in 9 coastal countries. Areas of investment comprise the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Moroccan sea and five other sea areas. Trawling, tuna purse seining and five other fields are covered by the investment. Joint-venture is the most prominent method of this direct investment. If we consider the number of entry firms, the host countries, the number of seas available and the size of investment, this method of cooperation is perhaps insufficient so far. Our fishery firms suffer from a weakness in international competitive ability, an insufficiency of information, of short funds, incompetency in the market, the unfriendliness of host coastal countries, the incapability of partners in joint-ventures and the political instability of the host countries. To enlarge our foreign fishing grounds, we are to actively adopt the direct investment entry method and to diversity our collaboraboration with partner countries. Consequently, besides proper fishing, we might utilize forward integration strategies, including the processing fied. a. The enterprise emigration method is likely to be successful in Argentina. It includes the development of Argentinian fishing grounds which are still not exploited in spite of abundant resources. Besides, Arentina could also be developed as a base for the exploitation of the krill resources and for further entries into collaboration with other Latin American countries. b. The co-business contract fishing method works in American territorial seas where American fishermen sell their fishery products to our factory ships at sea. This method contributes greatly to obtaining more fishing quotas and in innovation bottom fishing operation. Therefore we may apply this method to other countres to diffuse our foreign fishing entry. c. The new fishing ground development method was begun in 1957 by tuna long-line experimental fishing in the Indian Ocean. It has five fields, trawling, skipjack pole fishing and shrimp trawling, and so on. Recently, Korean fisheries were successful in the development of the Antarctic Ocean krill and tuna purse seining. 3. The acceleration of the internationalization of deep sea fishing; a. Intense information exchange activities and commission participation are likely to be continues as our contributions to the international fishery organizations. We should try to enter international fishery commissions in which we are not so far participating. And we have to reform adequately to meet the changes of the function of the international commissions. With our partner countries, we ought to conclude bilateral fishery agreements, thus enlarging our collaboration. b. Our government should offer economic and technical aids to host countries to facilitate our firms’fishery entry and activities. c. To accelerate technical innovation, our fishery firms must invest greater amount in technical innovation, at the same time be more discriminatory in importing exogeneous fishery technologies. As for fishing methods; expanded use of multi-purpose fishing boats and introduction of automation should be encuraged to prevent seasonal fluctuations in fishery outputs. d. The government should increases financial and tax aid to Korean firms in order to elevate already weak financial structure of Korean fishery firms. e. Finally, the government ought to revise foreign exchange regulations being applied to deep sea fishery firms. Furthermore, dutes levied on foreign purchaed equipments and supplies used by our deep sea fishing boats thould be reduced or exempted. when the fish caught by Korean partner of joint-venture firms is sold at the home port, pusan, import duty should be exempted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.9
• /
• pp.1501-1514
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health condition and nutritional status in female university students in Masan. The 285 subjects aged 20.1 years (18~26 years) were assessed with a set of questionnaire composed of general information, food, smoking, drinking and exercise habits, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking habits were 1.8% and 82.5%, respectively. All the subjects had the experience of passive smoking. The 11% of the students exercised regularly and 11.6% ate meal regularly. The average height and weight of subjects were 161.0 ㎝ and 53.9 ㎏, respectively and the BMI was calculated as 20.8${\pm}$2.6 ㎏/$m^2$:The 13.3% of subjects were underweight, while 6.7% of them were overweight. The mean value for body fat was 26.4% and subscapular and tricep skinfolds thickness were 14.2 ㎜ and 16.9 ㎜, and waist-hip ratio was 0.72. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure of the subjects was 115.9 ㎜Hg/70.9 ㎜Hg. Except protein, phosphorous, vitamin E, B_6 and C, the average intakes of energy and nutrients were below the Korea recom-mended dietary allowance (RDA). Especially, intakes of calcium, iron and zinc were the lowest, as <70% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates : protein : fat was 58.0 : 15.8 : 26.2. The 10 frequently consumed food were ssalbap (47.2/mon), kimchi (35.6/mon), onion (16.8/mon), japgokbap (15.1/mon), sesame oil (14.1/mon), carbonated drink (13.3/mon), grapes (12.7/mon), ice cream (12.4/mon), milk (11.9/mon) and water-melon (10.6/mon). Results of this study could be useful for planning nutrition education programs for female university students in this area to improve their dietary habit and health status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.257-266
• /
• 2008

PAHs are of mainly anthropogenic origin from urban runoff, oil spill and combustion of fossil fuels. Some PAHs are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic to aquatic organisms. This study was carried out to survey the contamination of PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay. Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO(Pohang steel compony) and Gwangyang container harbor are located near the bay. The column sediments were collected at 4 stations(A, B, C and D) and fractionated at intervals of two-centimeter depth on July 29, 1999. PAHs in colmn sediment samples were extracted in soxhlet extractor and were identified and quantified by GC-MS. PAHs compounds were analyzed and found to be 13 species. Total PAHs concentrations in the column sediments ranged from 275.04 to 2,838.64${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. Naphthalene had the highest concentration in the range of 40.60 to 2,294.06${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. and Anthracene had the lowest concentration in the range of 2.63 to 11.30${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. The correlation coefficients between individual PAHs and total PAHs in the column sediments were relatively higher in the low molecular compounds such as Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene and Phenanthrene. The relationship between the P/A(Phenanthrene/Anthracene)ratio and F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene)ratio showed that P/A ratio was generally above 10 and F/P ratio was above 1 in all sediment samples. These data indicate that PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay seem to be of both pyrolytic and petrogenic origin The values of PAHs in the column sediments were lower than the biological effect guidelines.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.109-120
• /
• 2007

CLA was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method using corn oil. CLA-TG was synthesized by chemical reaction using sodium methoxide. For the control, 10% of back fat among the total component was only added without the annex of CLA-TG. For the first treatment, 5% of CLA-TG among the lard component added into the press ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 10%, 15% and 20% of CLA-TG was respectively replaced. Manufacture press ham using CLA-TG were vacuum packaged and then stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory evaluation, TBARS, fatty acid composition and CLA content. Shear force value of control was significantly higher than that of CLA-TG treatment groups(P<0.05). All treatments were increased by the passage of storage time. No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and CLA-TG treatment groups. CLA-TG treatment groups showed significantly(P<0.05) lower TBARS value than the control. TBARS value was increased significantly during storage in all treatment. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of C14:0～C20:4 were decreased significantly by CLA-TG additive. Whereas the increase level of CLA-TG additive resulted in the significantly higher unsaturated fatty acid and CLA content. Summing up the a forementioned results, press ham manufacturing with CLA-TG additive was not affected in sensory evaluation. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality press ham can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.352-367
• /
• 2002

In order to assess the quality of dietary intake among the elderly, a survey was conducted during Jucy-August, 1999, of 230 subjects who were 65 years or older and who were living in Jeonju City. Results of the analysis of the data are as follows : Regarding Dietery Variety Score (DVS), the average number of food items consumed per person was significantly higher for males (19.6) than for females (17.7). The intake of plant food was higher than animal food for both sexes the proportion of plant versus animal foods consumed by fresh weight was 85 : 15 for males and 89 : 11 for females. Diet Diversity Score (DDS) is determined by how many from five food groups (cereal, meat, dairy, vegetable and fruit) consumed per day while Korean Diet Diversity Score (KDDS) is determined by how many from five different food groups (cereal, meat, vegetable, dairy and oil) consumed per day. The subjects'average DDS and KDDS were 4.0 and 3.5 for males, and 3.7 and 3.2 for females, respectively. Overall, the distribution of DDS was lower than that of KDDS. The average Meal Balance Score (MBS : Apply the KDDS at breakfast, lunch and dinner) was 9.1 for malts and 8.1 for females. Average daily caloric intake for males and females was 1,740 kcal and 1,433 kcal, which was 84.0% and 80.9% of the RDA, respectively. Average daily protein intake for males and females, at 67 g and 49 g (100.7% and 88.3% of the RDA), respectively, was satisfactory. However, intakes of calcium and vitamin A were below 75% of the RDA (calcium : 62.7% for males and 55.3% for females ; vitamin A : 60.7% for males and 53.9% far females). The average proportional contribution of protein/fat/carbohydrate (PFC) to total calorie intake was 15.8 : 15.7 : 68.5 for males and 13.8 : 13.2 : 73.0 for females. Distribution of energy for each meal (breakfast : lunch : afternoon snack : dinner : night snack) was 29.2 : 32.4 : 5.0 : 31.2 : 2.2 among males and 30.5 : 33.5 : 4.5 : 28.6 : 2.91 among females. The Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) was above 1 for protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, and vitamin C. However, the INQ of calcium and vitamin A were below 1 among both males and females, and the INQ of vitamin B$_2$was below l among females. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR = nutrient intake %RDA) was below 1 for all nutrients, and the NAR of vitamin A were the lowest among 9 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) for both males and females, with values of 0.52 and 0.42, respectively. The second and third lowest NAR values were for calcium(males: 0.68: females: 0.54) and vitamin B$_2$(males: 0.77: females: 0.67). Values of Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR = sum of 9 NARs/9) for males (0.82) were higher than for females (0.73). These results indicate that the intakes of calcium and vitamin A were severely inadequate. The results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis, where the DVS or MAR were the dependent variables and the DDS, KDDS, and MBS were independent variables, indicated that DDS is a more useful variable than KDDS in determining the quality of meals of the elderly.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 2001

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux is the most commonly inherited disease detected in children with urinary tract infection. The incidence of vesicoureteral reflux among siblings of children with known vesicoureteral reflux is 8$\%$ to 45$\%$ according to different authors. Family screening of a patient with vesicoureteral reflux is important in order to prevent reflux nephropathy. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic family of children with vesicoureteral reflux and the factors which influence the family history. Methods : The study group consisted of 27 families of patients with vesicoureteral reflux. The total number in the group were 79 persons. BUN, Cr, urineanalysis, voidingcystourethrography(VCUG) and 99mTc -dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) renal scan were performed oil tile siblings. As for tile parents the same tests were performed except the VCUG. Results : The abnormality was detected in 7 of 27 families(25.9$\%$). Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 5 of 20 siblings and renal scar ns detected in 3 of 32 parents. In children with vesicoureteral reflux, renal scar was detected in 24 of 32 children. Between the group with the abnormality in its family(Group A) and the group without the abnormality in its family(Group B), There was no difference of creatinine clearance between two groups. More renal scars were detected in group A according to the DMSA(A:100$\%$, B:75$\%$. t-test P<0.05). There was no difference of grade of VCUG between two groups. There was no difference between one site and both sites in two groups. In tile case of tile siblings with vesicoureteral reflux, there was high incidence of renal scar in a patient with vesicoureteral reflux according to the DMSA. Conclusion : It is important to screen vesicoureteral reflux and renal scar in case of urinary tract infection to prevent reflux nephropathy. This study implies that it is necessary to screen the family of a patient with vesicoureteral reflux especially with renal scar. (J, Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 36- 42, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.230-242
• /
• 1991

This research was conducted on the 10 take-out boxed-lunches commercially prepared in the department stores. chain stores. and the public railroad trains in Korea. Sampling was conducted from February 1990 to March 1990. Nutritive values and sodium contents of the 10 boxed-lunch samples are summarized as follows : 1) The average weight(percentage) of the cooked rice and the side dishes were 304.6g(49.4) and 312.4(506%), respectively. The weight of these samples were significantly heavier than that of Japanese style boxed-lunches. 2) The average number of the side dishes was 12. The average numbers of food items classified by the five food groups were 6.1 in protein food group, 0.3 in calcium food group. 6.0 in vitamin and mineral food group. 1.5 in carbohydrate food group, and 1.5 in oil and fat food group. 3) They contained on the average 840.7kcal of energy, 38.9g of protein, 22.7g of fat, 120.4g of carbohydrate. 300.8mg of calcium. 410.8mg of phosphours, 6.61 mg of iron. 219.8 R.E. of vitamin A, 0.46mg of thiamin, 0.67mg of riboflavin, 10.5mg of niacin, 27.5mg of ascorbic acid. Thus. except vitamin t the content of all the nutrients were higher than the value of 1/3 of the RDA for adults. 4) The high priced group(group 2) had more protein, calcuim. iron and niacin contents than the cheaper group(group 1). Probably, it's because the group 2 had more animal foods than the group 1. 5) The average energy content per unit price(100 won) was 37.3kcal and the average protein content per unit price(100 won) was 1.64g. Korena style boxed-lunches had higher energy and protein contents per unit price than Japanese style, and the group 1 higher than the group 2. 6) The average energy Proportions of Protein, carbohydrate. and fat were 18.3%, 57.4%, and 24.3%, respectively. These proportions are good enough. 7) Frequency of cooking methods for the side dishes were found in the decreasing order : pan-frying, frying, braising, seasoning, kimchi, grilling, pickling, stir-frying, steaming and fermenting. Generally simple cooking methods were used, thus the menus were lack or varieties. 8) Frequency of colors for the side dishes were found in the decreasing order : red, brown. yellow, green, black, white. Too much red pepper was used. 9) The average capacity of the containers for the staples and the side dishes were 468.1ml and 590.6ml, respectively. And the containers could not keep the food items well seperated. 10) The average contensts of sodium and salt were 2.287mg and 5.76g, in the range of 1, 398mg to 3, 489mg and 3.53g to 8.80g, respectively. These are much higher values than the recommended amount of salt.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.1047-1060
• /
• 2003

To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid added diet feeding on CLA accumulation and quality characteristics of pork meat. The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with corn oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups(4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets(0, 1.25% CLA for 2 weeks, 2.5% CLA for 2 weeks, 1.25% CLA for 4 weeks and 2.5% CLA for 4 weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals(110 kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Pork loin meat were aerobic packaged and then stored during 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, texture, TBARS, fatty acid composition, cholesterol and CLA content. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) higher shear force value compared to those of control group at 11, 14 days of cold storage. All treatments were decreased significantly as the storage period passed. There was a not significantly difference in texture between control and CLA treatment groups. All CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower TBARS value than the control. TBARS value was increased significantly during storage in all treatment. CLA treatment groups showed significantly(p〈0.05) lower cholesterol content compared to those of control group. As dietary CLA was increased in feed, the content of CLA was increased, but the control was almost not detected. The contents of CLA were not significantly changed during chilled storage for 14 days. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of oleic, linoleic and arachidonic were decreased by dietary CLA-supplementation, whereas the increase level of CLA-supplementation resulted in the higher palmitic and stearic acid. In all results, CLA could be accumulated in pork meat and its antioxidant capability has been indicated. It was suggested that dietary CLA-supplementation could be produced high quality pork.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.365-373
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the fusion pulses and fusion media on fusion rate and the development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Nuclear donor cumulus and fetal fibroblast cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$in air. The in vitro matured oocytes were enucleated and then the isolated donor cells were introduced. The cumulus cell and cytoplast were fused using one pulse of 70 volts for 40$mutextrm{s}$, two pulses of 70 volts for 40$mutextrm{s}$ and one pulse of 180 volts for 15$mutextrm{s}$. The fetal fibroblast cell and cytoplast were fused using one pulse of 180 volts for 15$mutextrm{s}$ or 30$mutextrm{s}$. The cumulus cell and cytoplast were fused using mannitol and Zimmerman cell fusion medium (ZCFM) as a fusion medium. The fused embryos were activated after the fusion with 10 $\mu$M calcium ionophore for 5 min and 2 mM 6-dimethyl- aminopurine for 3 h. The nuclear transfer embryos were cultured in 500 ${mu}ell$ well of modified CR1aa supplemented with 3 mg/$m\ell$ BSA in th $\varepsilon$ four well dish cove red with mineral oil. After 3 days culture, culture medium was changed into modified CRlaa medium containing 1.5 mg/$m\ell$ BSA and 5% FBS for 4 days. The incubation environment was 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. When the cumulus cells were fused with enucleated oocytes by three different fusion pulses, one pulse of 180 volts for 15 $mutextrm{s}$ yielded the highest fusion rate and developmental rate to blastocyst among the pulses (P＜0.05). When the fetal fibroblast cells were fused with enucleated oocytes, one pulse of 180 volts for 30$mutextrm{s}$ yielded significantly higher fusion rate compared with that for 15 $mutextrm{s}$(P＜0.05). The present result indicates that the fusion rate between karyoplast and cytoplast was affected by the cell type and the optimal fusion condition was different according to cell type or size. When the fusion was conducted by the use of mannitol and ZCFM, the fusion rate was 71.2% and 65.8%, respectively. The developmental rates to blastocyst were 37.8% and 39.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference between two fusion media in the developmental rate of cumulus cell nuclear transfer embryos. These results indicate that optimal electric current should be selected according to cell type.