• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2006

Objectives : We examined whether D8/17 expression in Tourette syndrome children who suggested PANDAS were higher than comparison group, and there was my clinical difference by D8/l7 expression. Methods : Nine Tourette's syndrome children suggested PANDAS and two ADHD children without tic disorder were evaluated far percentage of D8/17 expression-positive B cells by immunofluorescence flow cytometric assay and anti-streptolysin O titer. Results : The frequency of D8/17 positive B lymphocyte rate was significantly higher in Tourette's syndrome than ADHD, whose average rate were 77.9 and 24.8, respectively. Among 9 TD patients,4 patients showed above 90% D8/l7 expression. There was high concordance expression rate between mother (98.4%) and daughter (99.0%) The significant relation between percentage of D8/17 expression and tic severity were not detected. The significant relation between percentage of D8/17 expression and anti-streptolysin O titer were not detected, however in 66.7% TD patients showed above 100IU/ml. Conclusion : We concluded that subgroup of TD children are streptococcal infected tic disorder, so called PANDAS.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1995

The immune system is partially under the control of the sympathetic and parasymphathetic nervous systems through the regulatory feedback loop. Methamphetamine (MA) is a neurotoxic chemical which affects the neurotransmitter system. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunotoxic effect of MA on the major immune target organ and lymphocyte proliferation to the various mitogens. Female Balb/C mice, 15 to 20 g, were injected subcutaneously with 0, 0.5, or 5 mg MA/kg for 14 consecutive days. In MA treated mice, the body weight gain and relative spleen and thymus weight were decreased in doserelated manner. Histopathologically, there was a paucity of lymphold follicles and germinal centers in the spleen, and thymic cortical atrophy with lymphophagocytosis was prominent. Apoptosis also occurred in germinal centers of spleen and thymic cortex. The threshold and peak of lymphocyte proliferation at various concentration of mitogens showed similar patterns. However, the response to lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in the 5 mg MA/kg treated group showed threshold and peak proliferation at high concentration of mitogens (25${\mu}g$ LPS/ml for MA vs 15${\mu}g$ LPS/ml for control; 60${\mu}g$ PWM/ml for MA vs 45${\mu}g$ PWM/ml for control), which suggest that MA impairs T cell dependent-B cell function. This preliminary study indicated that MA affected the lymphold organs and immune function.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.454-462
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• 1999

Corticosteroids have long been used for anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatoid and other purposes in hospital. These effects may be due to inhibit immune reaction. So the animal given corticosteroids was more susceptible to infection because of immunosuppressive effect of corticosteroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prednisolone on the lymphocyte subset in the spleen, immunoglobulin in serum, spleen weight, thymus weight and total WBC in peripheral blood. Mice were randomized into 3 groups. Each group has 24 mice. The small dosage group were given by 4 mg/kg/day of prednisolone for 4 days and the large dosage group were given by 8 mg/kg/day respectively. Prednisolone was suspended in saline and orally administered. Mice in control group were given saline alone. Eight mice in each group were sacrificed every week after administration of predisolone. The weight of thymus and spleen were mesured immediately. Lymphocytes were taken from spleen and these cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Also the concentration of total immunoglobulins in serum were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). T cell, T-helper cell and T-cytotoxic cell were all significantly (P<0.05) decreased at 1 week after administration of predisolone and at 2 weeks they recovered similarly to that of control. Population of B cell showed various distribution. The concentration of total immunoglobulins in serum was not changed significantly. The weight ratio of spleen to body decreased significantly (P＜0.05) during predisolone administration but increased at 1 week later, Eventually the weight ratio was recovered to that of control at 2 weeks. The weight ratio of thymus to body decreased significantly (P<0.05) by prednisolone and recovered gradually up to normal ratio 2 weeks later.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2007

Objective : To investigate the effect of Samilshinkihwan(SISKW) on white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods : The test articles were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at a dosage 1000, 500 and 250mg/kg/10ml of SISKW from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and changes in body weight, spleen weight, total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, B and T lymphocyte ratio, CD3+CD4+, CD3+/CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in the blood and spleen were measured. In addition, the serum interleukin (IL)-2 levels and the productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were also demonstrated in this study. Results : The changes on body weight increased significantly in the 1000mg/kgof SISKW group. The changes on the spleen weight, the total blood leukocytenumbers, the total lymphocyte numbers in the blood and spleen, the ratio of T-cell in the blood and spleen and the ratio of CD3+CD4+ T-cell in spleen increased significantly in all SISKW groups as compared with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in blood increased significantly. The serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg SISKW groups as compared with the control group. Conclusions : Samilshinkihwanhas an effect of increasing immune responses, especially on cellular immune responses, in white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

A preliminary study into the protective mechanisms of adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets (n = 9) born to a gilt challenged intranasally with a type-2 PRRSV. Immune parameters (neutralizing antibodies, $CD3^+CD4^+$, $CD3^+CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocytes, and PRRSV-specific interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ secreting T-lymphocytes) were compared with infection parameters (macro- and microscopic lung lesion, and PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages ($CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$) as well as with plasma and lymphoid tissue viral loads. Percentages of three T-lymphocyte phenotypes in 14-days post-birth (dpb) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) had significant negative correlations with percentages of $CD172{\alpha}^+PRRSV-N^+\;PAM$ (p < 0.05) as well as with macroscopic lung lesion (p < 0.01). Plasma and tissue viral loads had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with $CD3^+CD4^+CD8^+$ T-lymphocyte percentage in PBMC. Frequencies of $CD3^+CD8^+$ and $CD3^+CD4^+$ T-lymphocytes in 14-dpb PBMC had significant negative correlations with of lymph node (p = 0.04) and lung (p = 0.002) viral loads. $IFN-{\gamma}$-secreting T-lymphocytes frequency had a significant negative correlation with gross lung lesion severity (p = 0.002). However, neutralizing antibody titers had no significant negative correlation (p > 0.1) with infection parameters. The results indicate that T-lymphocytes contribute to controlling PRRSV replication in young piglets born after in-utero infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4009-4011
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• 2016

Background: Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is a B-cell lymphoid neoplasm characterized by a distinctive biological behavior with potentially curable disease characteristics. It is an uncommon hematological malignancy which primarily affects younger individuals. The rationale of this study was to determine its clinico-hematological profile along with stage stratification in Pakistani patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, adult patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. Results: Sixty two histopathologically confirmed cases of cHL were identified. There were 42 males and 20 females, with a male to female ratio of 2: 1. The mean age was $29.7{\pm}13.8$ years with the median age of 30 years. B symptoms were present in 72.5% of patients. Histopathologically, the mixed cellularity type constituted 62.9% of cases, followed by nodular sclerosis in 25.8%, lymphocyte predominant in 9.6% and lymphocyte depleted in 1.6%. Stages I and II were present in 43.5% of patients at disease presentation, with 56.4% in stages III and IV. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that clinico-pathological features of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Pakistan are comparable to published data. Mixed cellularity is the commonest histological variant and advanced stage at presentation are common findings in our patients.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.565-571
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• 2003

The locomotor responses of human peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes were measured by the change from spherical to polarized shapes in the presence of endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of enteric pathogens: S. dysenteriae type 1, V. cholerae Inaba 569B, S. typhimurium, and K. pneumoniae. We reported earlier that these endotoxins are chemotactic factors for the neutrophils since they stimulated cell polarization within a few minutes of incubation. Endotoxins had an inhibitory effect upon neutrophil phagocytosis of opsonized yeast and the cells engulfed fewer yeasts. Interestingly, endotoxins increased neutrophil adhesion to clean glass surfaces, but stimulated the cells to exhibit increased random locomotion (chemokinesis) through cellulose nitrate filters and show an enhanced ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye. Unlike neutrophils, lymphocytes direct from blood do not show polarized morphology towards chemotactic factors but the cells acquire locomotor capacity during 24-72 h culture with mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA), phorbol myristate acetate or concanavalin A. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with endotoxins did not induce cell polarization in short-term but long-term culture resulted in an increase in the proportion of polarized cells that acquired locomotor morphologies. The majority of these cells were identified as esterase negative B-lymphocytes that migrated through filters. Despite the optimum time of incubation for each of these cell types being different, we found that lymphocytes respond to much lower concentrations of endotoxins than the neutrophils. These findings suggest that endotoxins of enteric pathogens modulate the functions of human blood neutrophils and lymphocytes.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.242-251
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• 2004

In this piece of research, Prunellae spica is added to Sambonggangyongbaneotang for one group and Trionycis carapax is added to Sambonggangyongbaneotang for the other group. With these two different prescriptions, the degrees of tumor suppression are compared to develop a better prescription. SKH = Sambonggangyongbaneo-tang + Prunellae Spica SKB = Sambonggangyongbaneo-tang + Trionycis Carapax The results were as follows: 1. SKH and SKB demonstrated anti-tumor effects against tumor advancement of S-180 2. SKH and SKB showed on elevation of macrophage for tumor-bearing mice. 3. $100{\mu}g/ml,\;500{\mu}g/ml$ of SKH and $500{\mu}g/ml$ of SKB demonstrated a rise in alkaline phosphates of B-Lymphocyte in the spleen in tumor-bearing mice. Results support a role for both SKH and SKB for anti-tumor effects via endorsement of macrophage and encouragement of B-lymphocyte toward S-180.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cause viral infections that lead to chronic diseases. When they invade human body, virus specific T cells play an important role in antiviral effector functions including killing virus-infected cells and helping B cells to produce specific antibodies against viral proteins. The antiviral activity of T cells is usually affected by immune-regulatory factors that express on surface of T cells. Recently, many researchers have investigated the relationship between effector functions of virus specific T cells and characteristics of immune regulatory factors (e.g., CD28, CD25, CD45RO, FoxP3, PD-1, CTLA-4). In particular, Immune inhibitory molecules such as forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are associated with T-cell dysfunction. They are shown to be up-regulated in chronic viral diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Therefore, the positive correlation between viral persistence and expression of immune regulatory factors (FoxP3, PD-1, and CTLA-4) has been suggested. In this review, the roles of immune regulatory factors FoxP3, PD-1, and CTLA-4 were discussed in chronic viral diseases such as HIV, HBV, or HCV.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 1999

Alginates are polysaccharides with gel-forming properties composed of 1,4-linked $\beta$-D-mannuronic acid (M), $\alpha$-L-guluronic acid (G), and alternating (MG) blocks. The M-and the MG-blocks, but not the G-blocks, have been known to be the active components of the alginates in experimental models. In this study, we have examined the ability of high M-alginate to activate immune cells. Alginate induced the macrophage anti-viral activity and the lymphocyte blastogenesis, and enhanced cytotoxicity of natural killer cell. In addition, alginates stimulated the macrophages to induce the production of $H_{2}O_{2}$, whereas alginates had no effect on NO production and suppressed the production of TNF-$\alpha$. These findings suggest that high M-alginate may be modulating various elements of the host immune response.