• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.409-411
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• 2022

Axillary lymph node schistosomiasis is a form of ectopic schistosomiasis, in which the Schistosoma adult worms or eggs are infected in the axillary lymph nodes. A 53-year-old woman visited our hospital with a small mass in the right armpit, which had been present for over 1 month. Histological examination of biopsy samples from the right axillary lymph nodes revealed granulomas containing calcified Schistosoma eggs. This is the first authentic case of ectopic schistosomiasis identified in the axillary lymph nodes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1181-1185
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the numbers of axillary lymph nodes (ALN) taken out by dissection between patients with breast cancer operated on after having neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) treatment and otherswithout having neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and to investigate factors affecting lymph node positivity. Materials and Methods: A total of 49 patients operated due to advanced breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 144 patients with a similar stage of the cancer having primary surgical treatment without chemotherapy at the general surgery clinic of Ondokuz Mayis University Medicine Faculty between the dates 01.01.2006 and 31.10.2012 were included in the study. The total number of lymph nodes taken out by axillary dissection (ALND) was categorized as the number of positive lymph nodes and divided into <10 and ${\geq}10$. The variables to be compared were analysed using the program SPSS 15.0 with P<0.05 accepted as significant. Results: Median number of dissected lymph nodes from the patient group having neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 16 (16-33) while it was 20 (5-55) without chemotherapy. The respective median numbers of positive lymph nodes were 5 (0-19) and 10 (0-51). In 8 out of 49 neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients (16.3%), the number of dissected lymph nodes was below 10, and it was below 10 in 17 out of 144 primary surgery patients. Differences in numbers of dissected total and positive lymph nodes between two groups were significant, but this was not the case for numbers of <10 lymph nodes. Conclusions: The number of dissected lymph nodes from the patients with breast cancer having neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be less than without chemotherapy. This may not always be attributed to an inadequate axillary dissection. More research to evaluate the numbers of positive lymph nodes are required in order to increase the reliability of staging in the patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7049-7054
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• 2014

Background: Almost half of the breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes have no additional disease in the remaining axillary lymph nodes. This group of patients do not benefit from complete axillary lymph node dissection. This study was designed to assess the clinicopathologic factors that predict non-sentinel lymph node metastasis in Iranian breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: The records of patients who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, between 2003 and 2012, were reviewed. Patients with at least one positive sentinel lymph node who underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection were enrolled in the present study. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics including age, primary tumor size, histological and nuclear grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, extracapsular invasion, and number of harvested lymph nodes, were evaluated. Results: The data of 167 patients were analyzed. A total of 92 (55.1%) had non-sentinel lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis of data revealed that age, primary tumor size, histological grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, extracapsular invasion, and the number of positive sentinel lymph nodes to the total number of harvested sentinel lymph nodes ratio, were associated with non-sentinel lymph node metastasis. After logistic regression analysis, age (OR=0.13; 95% CI, 0.02-0.8), primary tumor size (OR=7.7; 95% CI, 1.4-42.2), lymphovascular invasion (OR=19.4; 95% CI, 1.4-268.6), extracapsular invasion (OR=13.3; 95% CI, 2.3-76), and the number of positive sentinel lymph nodes to the total number of harvested sentinel lymph nodes ratio (OR=20.2; 95% CI, 3.4-121.9), were significantly associated with non-sentinel lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: According to this study, age, primary tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, extracapsular invasion, and the ratio of positive sentinel lymph nodes to the total number of harvested sentinel lymph nodes, were found to be independent predictors of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5731-5734
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• 2013

Background: The object of this study was to examine whether a new protocol including step-sectioning and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of axillary sentinel nodes (SN) would lead to detection of more metastases in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine tumor free sentinel lymph nodes were examined. Step frozen sectioning was performed on formalin fixed SN and stained both by hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and cytokeratin markers using IHC. Any tumoral cell in IHC stained slides were considered as a positive result. Metastases up to 0.2 mm were considered as isolated tumor cells and 0.2 up to 2 mm as micrometastasis. Results: Mean age of the patients was $48.7{\pm}12.2$ years. Step sectioning of the SN revealed 11 involved by metastasis which was statistically significant (p<0.001). Furthermore, 15 (21.7%) of the patients revealed positive results in IHC staining for pan-CK marker and this was also statistically significant (p=0.001). Ten patients had tumoral involvement in lymph nodes harvested from axillary dissection and 4 out of 15 lymph nodes with positive result for CK marker were isolated tumor cells. However, 4 of 10 patients with tumor positive lymph nodes in axillary dissection were negative for CK marker and in contrast 6 of the pan-CK positive SN were in patients with tumor-free axillary lymph nodes. Conclusions: Both IHC and step sectioning improve the detection rate of metastases. Considering the similar power of these two methods, we recommend using either IHC staining or step sectioning for better evaluation of harvested SNs.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2022

코로나바이러스의 대유행으로 인하여 백신접종이 시작되었고 코로나 백신으로 인한 림프절병증의 여러사례가 발표되고 있으며, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT에서는 액와 림프절에 위양성 섭취를 유발한다는 보고가 있다. 이에 코로나 백신 접종 후 기간에 따른 접종 측 액와 림프절의 SUVmax의 변화 양상을 평가하고자 한다. 환자는 접종 후 기간을 0~2주, 3~6주, 7~10주, 11주 이상으로 4개 집단으로 나누었고 FDG를 3.7 MBq/kg을 주입하고 한 시간 뒤 1 bed 당 2분 동안 촬영했다. 장비는 Discovery 600 (GE Healthcare, MI, USA)을 사용하였다. 검사 후 핵의학 판독의가 육안평가를 진행하였고, 그 결과를 토대로 접종 측액와 림프절의 섭취 여부를 구분하였다. 그 후에 유방암 부위 반대 측 팔에 백신이 접종되었으며 그로 인해 섭취가 발생한 액와 림프절에 관심 영역을 그려 SUVmax를 측정하였다. 백신접종 후 기간이 지남에 따라 접종 측 액와 림프절에 섭취된 환자의 비율과 SUVmax는 감소하였다. 또한 4개 집단의 섭취된 액와 림프절의 SUVmax를 Kruskal-Wallis test를 한 결과 4개 집단 간 SUVmax에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(P<0.05) Mann-Whitney test로 사후 검정한 결과 0~2주는 다른 집단과 모두 유의한 차이가 있었으나(P<0.05) 나머지 3개 집단 간에는 유의한 차이가 없는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 경향성은 참고자료로써 유용할 것으로 사료되며 PET/CT 검사 전 코로나 백신접종 정보를 기록하여 진행하는 것을 권고한다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

In this study, the features of canine lymphoma on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were evaluated in three small breed dogs. In case 1, ultrasonography and CT indicated neoplastic involvement of the sternal, right axillary, submandibular, lower cervical, tracheobronchial, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes; spleen; and liver. However, intense FDG uptake on PET/CT images was detected only for the lymph nodes and spleen. No FDG uptake by the liver was detected for case 1 despite the confirmation of lymphoma by cytology. In case 2, ultrasonography and CT indicated neoplastic involvement of the axillary, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes and the spleen, while intense FDG uptake on PET/CT images was detected for the axillary and a few mesenteric lymph nodes, and the spleen. FDG uptake was additionally observed from popliteal lymph nodes, however there was no uptake by the sublumbar lymph nodes and some mesenteric lymph nodes. In case 3, neoplastic changes in the splenic, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes and spleen were suspected on ultrasonography, and lower cervical and popliteal lymph node involvements were additionally detected on PET/CT. Compared to ultrasonography, repeated PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake by the lymph nodes at an earlier stage after chemotherapy in case 3. This study illustrated the features of PET/CT in canine lymphomas and compared those to ultrasonography and CT findings. FDG uptakes were not detected from some lesions which were suspected to be neoplastic involvement in case 1 and 2. We could not clearly explain the reason of this result in the present study because cytological or histological examination was not performed for lesions that showed different results on ultrasonography, CT, and PET/CT. Further studies on the subclassification of canine lymphoma and the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT for the detection of canine lymphoma are required. PET/CT data can provide useful information for predicting the therapeutic response at an early stage after treatment.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the coverage of axillary lymph node with tangential breast irradiation fields by using virtual lymph node (LN) analysis. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight women who were treated with whole breast irradiation after breast-conserving surgery were analyzed. The axillary and breast volumes were delineated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) contouring atlas. To generate virtual LN contours, preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scans with identifiable LN were fused with the CT scans, and the virtual LN contour were delineated on the CT. Results: The median level I and II axillary volume coverage percentages at the $V_{D95%}$ line were 33.5% (range, 5.3% to 90.4%) and 0.6% (range, 0.0% to 14.6%), respectively. Thirty-one LNs in 18 patients were delineated (26 in level I and 5 in level II). In the level I axilla, 84.6% of virtual LNs were encompassed by the 95% isodose line. In the level II axilla, by contrast, none of the virtual LNs were encompassed by the 95% isodose volumes. There was a substantial discrepancy between the RTOG contouring atlas-based axillary volume analysis and the virtual LN analysis, especially for the level I axillary coverage. The axillary volume coverage was associated with the body mass index (BMI) and breast volume. Conclusion: The tangential breast irradiation did not deliver adequate therapeutic doses to the axillary region, particularly those in the level II axilla. Patients with small breast volumes or lower BMI showed reduced axillary coverage from the tangential breast fields. For axillary LN irradiation, individualized anatomy-based radiation fields for patients would be necessary.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권4호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2011

Herein we report the case of a 71-year-old woman who complained of fatigue and enlarged right axillary lymph nodes for 18 months. At her first visit, her chest X-ray showed diffuse nodular opacities in both lung fields. Initial excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes showed granulomatous lesions and acid fast bacilli were seen on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. However, even after 15 months of anti-tuberculosis (TB) medication, her right axillary lymph nodes were enlarged. We re-performed an excisional biopsy of the nodes, which showed Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). A retrograde review of the biopsy before anti-tuberculous medication, revealed HL coexisting with TB. HL and TB cause difficulties in differential diagnosis due to similarities in clinical course, imaging procedures and histopathological analysis of the involved tissue. Therefore, it is important to consider the possibility of concurrent HL and TB when patients who undergo treatment for TB or chemotherapy for lymphoma complain of persistent systemic symptoms or enlarged lymph nodes.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2012

유방특이감마영상검사(Breast-specific Gamma Imaging, BSGI)는 $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi와 고해상도 감마카메라를 이용하여 영상을 획득하는 방법으로 기본적으로 양측상하영상, 내외사방향영상을 얻으며 추가로 액와 림프절 검사를 시행 할 수 있다. 액와 림프절 전이 여부가 중요한 인자임에도 불구하고 아직까지 BSGI의 액와부 검사는 잘 시행되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2011년 5월부터 2012년 3월까지 본원에서 유방특이감마영상검사를 시행한 총 343명의 환자를 대상으로 액와 림프절 검사 결과를 분석하고 올바른 검사를 위한 기술적 사항을 연구하였다. 방사성의약품 주입 시 일어날 수 있는 혈관 포획, 혈관 외 유출현상이 영상에 영향을 끼치는 경우가 많았으며, 이를 방지하는 방법과 영상의 획득 방법을 규정하였다. 혈관 외 유출과 혈관의 포획현상을 최소화하기 위하여 $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi를 주입 후, 10 cc의 생리 식염수를 주입한다. 주사 후 팔을 귀 위로 올리고 공을 이용하여 약 1분간 운동한다. 감마카메라의 납 차폐체를 제거하고 검출기에 기울기를 주어 최대한 검출기에 액와부를 밀착시키고, 납 앞치마를 이용하여 촬영하려는 측의 어깨 부분을 가려주어 배후 방사능을 최소화 한다. 액와부 영상은 2-3분 획득한다. BSGI 검사 시, 기존에 시행되던 양측 상하방향, 내외사방향영상만을 얻는 방식에서 액와 림프절 영상을 함께 획득 한다면 유방암의 치료성적 향상에 도움이 되며, 본 연구에서 얻은 기술적 사항을 검사에 적용한다면 유방암 환자들의 액와 림프절 영상의 효과를 더욱 극대화 시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한종양외과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2018

Purpose: Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) are important for staging of patients with node-positive breast cancer. However, these can be avoided in select micrometastatic diseases, preventing postoperative complications. The present study evaluated the ability of axillary lymph node maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) to predict axillary metastasis of breast cancer. Methods: The records of invasive breast cancer patients who underwent pretreatment (surgery and/or chemotherapy) PET-CT between January 2006 and December 2014 were reviewed. ALNs were preoperatively evaluated by PET-CT. Lymph nodes were dissected by SLNB or ALND. SUVmax was measured in both the axillary lymph node and primary tumor. Student t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze sensitivity and specificity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analyses were performed. Results: SUV-tumor (SUV-T) and SUV-lymph node (SUV-LN) were significantly higher in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group than in other groups (SUV-T: 5.99, P<0.01; SUV-LN: 1.29, P=0.014). The sensitivity (0.881) and accuracy (0.804) for initial ALN staging were higher in fine needle aspiration+PET-CT than in other methods. For PET-CT alone, the subtype with the highest sensitivity (0.870) and negative predictive value (0.917) was TNBC. The AUC for SUV-LN was greatest in TNBC (0.797). Conclusion: The characteristics of SUV-T and SUV-LN differed according to immunohistochemistry subtype. Compared to other subtypes, the true positivity of axillary metastasis on PET-CT was highest in TNBC. These findings could help tailor management for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.