• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.191-209
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• 2013

The amount of international trade conducted through Hong Kong (HK) is increasing, thus rendering the legal framework governing contracts of sale between Mainland China (China) and HK is of particular importance. The status of HK under the CISG is currently unclear, however. First, the CISG entered into force in China in 1988. This important development had no legal effect for HK though as China lacked the power to enter into international conventions for HK. Second, the "Letter of Notification" deposited to the Secretary-General of the UN referred a list of treaties to be applied to HK, taking effect from July 1, 1997. This list, however, made no mention of the CISG. Third, China made a reservation in Article 95 of the CISG. Pursuant to Article 1(1)(b) of the CISG, the CISG cannot apply to HK. As a result, the Chinese Arbitral Tribunal apply the Chinese law according to the closest connection principle with the contract. In this case, attention must be given to the different result to which the CISG is applied. Liability for damages pursuant to the Chinese Contract Law (CCL) is just the same as Article 74 CISG, but CCL does not govern the case with substitute transaction and without substitute transaction when the contract is avoided. Therefore, the contract should be governed by the CISG from a business perspective when a contract is concluded between China and HK; otherwise, a promisee could not be fully compensated for all loss incurred.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2020

The effect of a greenhouse-covering material on its indoor environment and on the characteristics of cherry tomatoes grown in it was investigated. The conventional polyethylene (PE) film on the greenhouse roof was replaced by a polycarbonate (PC) sheet, while maintaining the main structural frame intact. Color changes and the formation of water droplets on the PC surface were avoided by applying coextrusion and coating layers. When compared to the PE greenhouse, the PC greenhouse enabled increased light transmittance and thus a higher indoor temperature during both summer and winter. The thermal insulating property of the PC sheet effectively reduced the heating loss by approximately 55% during winter. The cherry tomatoes grown in the PC greenhouse exhibited superior fruit characteristics in terms of size, weight, and sugar content. The total amount of cherry tomatoes produced per unit area (1,000 ㎡) in the PC greenhouse was found to be greater by approximately 19% compared to that in the PE greenhouse.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 컴퓨터 게임의 부작용을 막기 위한 운동과 발전을 동반하는 학습용 기능성 게임 시스템을 구현하였다. 구현한 기능성 게임 시스템은 운동부와 게임부로 나누어 설계하고 구현하였다. 전신 운동을 하기 위한 운동부는 하체 운동을 위해 헬스 자전거를 부착하고 헬스자전거의 뒷부분에 상체 운동을 할 수 있는 구조를 구성하여 부착하고, 각 힘점마다 발전기를 부착하였다. 그리고 회로 보드와 논리 프로그램을 구성하여 힘점에 부착된 발전기를 통하여 운동 강도 조절과 운동량을 측정하고, 컴퓨터와 통신을 할 수 있도록 하였다. 게임부는 폭력성을 배제하고 재미를 유지하면서 교육적인 효과를 살릴 수 있도록 구성하였다. 구성한 게임 시스템은 가르노의 재미의 14가지 요소를 통해 효과를 확인하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2014

The aim of this research was to improve our understanding of human toxicity due to exposure to DMF, MEK, or TOL individually as compared to exposure to DMF-MEK or DMF-TOL mixtures, by comparing $EC_{50}$ values as well as the morphological changes in HepG2 cells treated with these substances. We found that there was marked cell necrosis in the groups treated with mixtures than in those treated with the compounds alone, and that the amount of cell death and the $EC_{50}$ value were more dependent on MEK and TOL than on DMF. Moreover, analysis of the changes in effective concentration curves revealed that MEK had an antagonistic effect on the human toxicity of DMF, whereas TOL had a synergistic effect. Accordingly, these results suggest that in workplaces involved in the manufacture of synthetic leather, mixtures of DMF and TOL should be avoided as much as possible in order to minimize environmental toxicity and protect the health of the workers.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년 영문 학술대회
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• pp.823-827
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• 2008

The effects of blade leading edge sweep on both the aerodynamic performance and the structure stress of a high pressure centrifugal compressor impeller are numerically investigated. Changes in the flow structure occur as a result of the effect of leading edge sweep on the loading distribution in the tip region. The flow separation is avoided by introducing a sweep of the main blade leading edge and the strength of shock is reduced at the same time. Backswept of the leading edge is found to be beneficial to the impeller performance improving. On the other hand, the structural analysis indicated that high rotating speed of the impeller will cause substantial high bending stresses and radial deflections of the blade. Studies have shown that it is possible to control the stress distribution along the tip and root of the blade by slight adjustments to the sweep angle of the leading edge. These adjustments may be used to design the impeller with lower blade root stress distribution without aerodynamics performance penalty.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권6호
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• pp.577-590
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• 2024

Considering the Column-Supported Group Silos (CSGSs) often arranged by rows in practical applications, earthquake responses will be affected by group effect. Since group effect presenting uncertainties, establishing the analytic model and evaluating characteristics of CSGSs seems necessary. This study aimed at providing a simplified method to evaluate seismic performances of the CSGSs. Firstly, the CSGSs with different storage granule heights are used as numerical examples to derive the base shear formula for three-particle dynamic analytical model. Then, the base shear distribution coefficient is defined as the group effect index. The simplified calculation method of the group silos based on the distribution coefficients is proposed. Finally, based on the empty, half, and full granular storage conditions, the empirical design parameters for the group silos system are given by combining finite element simulation with shaking table test. The group effect of storage granule heights of group silos on its frequency and base shear are studied by comparative analysis between group silos and independent single silo. The results show that the frequency of CSGSs decreases with the increasing weight of the stored granule. The connection between the column top and silo bottom plate is vulnerable, and structural measures should be strengthened to improve its damage resistance. In case of different storage granule heights, distribution coefficients are effective to reconstruction the group effect. The complex calculations of seismic response for CSGSs can be avoided by adopting the empirical distribution coefficients obtained in this study. The proposed method provides a theoretical reference for evaluation on the seismic performances of the CSGSs.

• 에너지공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 1998

고분자 첨가물의 퇴화는 시험용액의 고온상태에서 증가된다. 합성고분자용액의 퇴화에 대해 시간에 따른 온도와 고분자 농도의 영향을 알아보기 위해 6$0^{\circ}C$, 8$0^{\circ}C$의 온도와 100, 200, 400, 600 ppm의 다양한 고분자 농도에 따라 폐회로방식으로 실험적인 연구를 하였다. 퇴화효과는 기계적 퇴화보다 온도에 더 의존적임이 밝혀졌다. 마찰계수와 레이놀즈 수의 관계는 레이놀즈 수가 5만부터 15만까지의 범위에서 레이놀즈 수가 증가함에 따라 마찰계수가 감소하고, 저온에서 마찰은 Vi가의 최대마찰저항감소 점근선에 접근한다는 것을 보인다. 일정한 유량과 온도에 대해, 높은 고분자 농도에서 퇴화효과가 더 작게 밝혀졌다. 일정한 유량과 고분자 농도에 대해서는 퇴화율이 주로 온도에 영향받는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 8$0^{\circ}C$의 온도, 100 ppm의 고분자 농도에서 4시간후에 마찰저항 감소효과가 없어졌다. 그러나, 열적퇴화는 고분자 분자들간의 결합력을 증가시켜 주는 것으로 생각되는 계면활성제 같은 추가적인 물질을 이용하여 극복할 수 있을 것이다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제67권5호
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• pp.527-544
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• 2018

In this paper, the effect of homogenization models on stress analysis is presented for functionally graded plates (FGMs). The derivation of the effective elastic proprieties of the FGMs, which are a combination of both ceramic and metallic phase materials, is of most of importance. The majority of studies in the last decade, the Voigt homogenization model explored to derive the effective elastic proprieties of FGMs at macroscopic-scale in order to study their mechanical responses. In this work, various homogenization models were used to derive the effective elastic proprieties of FGMs. The effect of these models on the stress analysis have also been presented and discussed through a comparative study. So as to show this effect, a refined plate theory is formulated and evaluated, the number of unknowns and governing equations were reduced by dividing the transverse displacement into both bending and shear parts. Based on sinusoidal variation of displacement field trough the thickness, the shear stresses on top and bottom surfaces of plate were vanished and the shear correction factor was avoided. Governing equations of equilibrium were derived from the principle of virtual displacements. Analytical solutions of the stress analysis were obtained for simply supported FGM plates. The obtained results of the displacements and stresses were compared with those predicted by other plate theories available in the literature. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the obtained results to different homogenization models and that the results generated may vary considerably from one theory to another. Finally, this study offers benchmark results for the multi-scale analysis of functionally graded plates.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2012

Anxiety in zebrafish can be determined by examining their bottom-dwelling and light-avoidance behavior. This study determines the effects of physostigmine and scopolamine on anxiety in zebrafish by measuring swimming frequency for three horizontal layers and three vertical columns of a water test tank illuminated by a light source located above the central surface of the tank. In the 1 h session, zebrafish in the control group preferred the bottom layer the most and the center column the least. Zebrafish treated with 2-20 ${\mu}M$ physostigmine were more likely to prefer the to layer than controls, and there were significant pairwise differences between physostigmine-treated zebrafish and controls, indicating the anxiolytic effect of physostigmine. Further, 10 and $20{\mu}M$ physostigmine-treated zebrafish no longer avoided the center column. Scopolamine had no anxiolytic effect on bottom-dwelling and light-avoidance behaviors but suppressed the anxiolytic effect of physostigmine. In terms of their preference for various zones formed by layers and columns, zebrafish in the control group preferred the bottom left and right zones the most. Physostigmine had a positive effect on the preference for the top center zone, which was suppressed by scopolamine pretreatment. The results suggest that the level of anxiety in zebrafish can be reduced by activating acetylcholinergic neurotransmitter systems, which is mediated in part by muscarinic receptors.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2018

Experiments were carried out the phenomenal observation on effect of corona treated hotmelt laminating film in process of manufacture by 2 kinds of rolling speed and electric power variatons. Surface treatment by corona which is exposure of film surface to electron of ion bombardment, rather than mere exposure to active species, like atomic oxygen or ozone, can enhance adhesion by removing contaminant, electret, roughening surface, and introducing reactive chemical group. Reactive neutrals, ions, electron and photons generated during the corona treatment interact simultaneously with polymers to alter surface chemical composition, wettability, and thus film adhesion. However, it is highly recommended that extensive chains scission is avoided because it can lead to side-effect by forming sticky matter, resulting in dropouts. This paper reviews principles of surface preparation of polypropylene substrate by corona discharging. In addition, the experimental section provides a description of parameter optimization on corona discharging treatment and its side-effect. Experimental results are discussed in terms of surface wetting as determined by contact angle and SEM measurements. When the rolling speed of the film decreased from 1.666 [m / sec] to 0.083 [m / sec], contact angle decreased from $80[^{\circ}]$ to $64[^{\circ}]$, and the wettability was greatly improved. As the supply power increased from 0.4 [kVA] to 2 [kVA] at the corona discharge surface treatment, the contact angle decreased from $77[^{\circ}]$ to $65[^{\circ}]$, and the wettability was greatly improved.