• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2008

In this study, I attempted to the architectural design characteristics of Daeung-Jeon in Sudeok Temple. For this purpose, After I set up several assumptions in the basis of the general characteristics of Korean wood architecture, and then, analyzed floor plan, structural formation and section sizes of structure and bracket members in relation to module and unit. As the results, the characteristics of the design process of plan and structure are follows. (1) 1 ja(尺), the unit applied to this building is measured $307.6{\sim}318.3mm$) and the average is 312.9mm (2) It is estimated that the floor plan designed on the basis of the top of columns. By the applied unit, every bay of the front side and the side is each designed by 15 ja and 8.5 ja. (3) The section is composed of piled members which have same section size. As basic module of section size called 'jae(재;材)', it is estimated at width 0.45 ja by height 0.75 ja. And as the secondary module, height between jae and is called 'gyoe(계;)' and it wes designed by three height size of 0.25 ja, 0.27 ja and 0.30 ja, (4) It is estimated that the section plan was designed by the order as follows. Firstly, the horizontal position of purlins wes decided on the basis of the intersection point of long and short rafters, and then the position and the section size of purlins and jangheyo(長舌) wes decided on the basis of the slope of roof and rafters. Secondly, going down from purlins, the members of structure composed of 'jae' and 'gyoe' was repeated. Lastly, for the purpose of linking the structure members located on the center line of adjacent purlins organically, the height of whaban(화반) was controlled.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

Energy poverty has been defined as low-income households who paid energy cost more than 10% of their ordinary income. Therefore, there are various subsidy programs focused on house remodeling for low-income households and one of them is the Home Energy Efficiency Assistance Program which have done by Korea Energy Foundation since 2007. The aim of the program is to improve the thermal performance of dilapidated dwellings and analyzed the detached house for the low-income households to develop the building typology. The database contained approximately 3,061 households which was obtained from the program in 2013 and the results of the study were like this; 1) For the shape of residential houses, the number of rectangular shaped building was higher than non-rectangular shaped ones. 2) For the orientation of buildings, the south layout of the detached housing was dominant to gain heating energy into buildings. 3) For the floor area, the average floor area was $44.2m^2$, although its size varied wide variations, which range from $6.3m^2$ to $107.1m^2$. 4) For the windows and doors, the south-facing window was larger than the other side. Finally it would be possible to determine the characteristics of residential houses for low-income families. A future study could establish typology of low-income housing that it would estimate the performance of each model building before and after the retrofit to improve the energy performance.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2011

Purpose: Placement of endosseous implants in the atrophic maxilla is often restricted because of the lack of supporting bone. In this article, augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor with deproteinized bovine bone to enable insertion of endosseous implants is described. The technique is aimed at providing a cortical layer on top of the graft to ensure a reliable seal of the maxillary sinus and to achieve optimal stability of the bone graft in case of simultaneously placement of dental implants. Methods: The procedure was used in 200 patients (839 implants), using deproteinized bovine bone. The mean follow-up was 28.5 months. No inflammation of the bone grafts nor of the maxillary sinus occurred. The patients received implant supported overdentures or bone-anchored bridges. Results: The survival rate of implant restoration of this study was 97.6%. The total average of marginal bone loss in radiographs was $0.20{\pm}0.38$ mm. Insufficient primary stability, bony quality, and infection were thought to be associated factors in the failed cases. Conclusion: This study documented that deproteinized bovine bone, when used as a grafting material for augmentation of the sinus floor, may lead to proper osseointegration of a endosseous implant.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2001

This paper represents results of an effort to seismically rehabilitate a 12-story nonductile reinforced concrete frame building. The frame located in the most severe seismic area, zone 4, is assumed to be designed and detailed for gravity load requirements only. Both pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses are carried out to determine strength, deformation capacity and the vulnerability of the building. The analysis indicates a drift concentration at the $1^{st}$ floor level due to inadequate strength and ductility capacity of the ground floor columns. The capacity curve of the structure, when superimposed on the average demand response spectrum for the ensemble of scaled earthquakes indicates that the structure is extremely weak and requires a major retrofit. The retrofit of the building is attempted using viscoelastic (VE) dampers. The dampers at each floor level are sized in order to reduce the elastic story drift ratios to within 1%. It is found that this requires substantially large dampers that are not practically feasible. With practical size dampers, the analyses of the viscoelastically damped building indicates that the damper sizes provided are not sufficient enough to remove the biased response and drift concentration of the building. The results indicate that VE-dampers alone are not sufficient to rehabilitate such a concrete frame. Concrete buildings, in general, being stiffer require larger dampers. The second rehabilitation strategy uses concrete shearwalls. Shearwalls increased stiffness and strength of the building, which resulted in reducing the drift significantly. The effectiveness of VE-dampers in conjunction with stiff shearwalls was also studied. Considering the economy and effectiveness, it is concluded that shearwalls were the most feasible solution for seismic rehabilitation of such buildings.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2008

본 연구는 부산시의 최저고도지구의 적정성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 도심부의 최저고도지구에 대한 실태조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과, 도심부의 최저고도지구는 4층(12m)이상 건축해야 함에도 불구하고 4층 이하 건축물이 51%를 차지하였고, 평균층수도 4층이었다. 도심부의 건축물은 토지이용의 고도화와 가로경관을 위해 정책적으로 관리되고 강화되어야 할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전문가 설문조사 결과 등을 토대로 전면도로폭원(35m)과 이면도로폭원(8m)의 평균을 최저도고도지구의 최저기준높이로 설정하고, 도심부에 대해서는 토지의 고도이용을 위해 최저고도지구 기준을 7층(21m) 이상 상향시킬 필요가 있다는 제안을 하였다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.180-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identity the probability of cross-contamination from the environment. For this, we examined foodservices at 20 universities/colleges for microbiological analysis of their working facilities and environment as well as their preventive equipment against cross-contamination. Seventy percent of the 20 foodservices were found to maintain one unified working area, which suggests high probability of contamination of food/utensils/equipment in the cooking area by pre-preparation or dish washing. According to the microbiological analysis, the hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the clean zone was 70%, which was higher than the average 45% hygiene acceptance ratio of working facilities in the contamination operating zone. There was a significant difference in the total plate count (P<0.001) and coliform count (P<0.01), which demonstrates that work tables in the clean zone were in a good state compared to those in the contamination operating zone. In the contamination operating zone, refrigerator shelves had a high probability of cross-contamination. Regarding the floor surface and airborne microbes, cooking areas which should be maintained as clean zones had higher cross-contamination probability than those in the contamination operating zone. So corrective actions such as cleaning and sanitizing, keeping dry floors, lowered temperature and humidity, shoe disinfecting facilities, and checking concentrations, are necessary to manage floor surfaces and airborne microbes in the cooking area.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.452-457
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to determine the actual state of indoor environment and to analyze the relationship between the living factors and indoor physical elements in solitary elderly houses at rural district during winter. The field surveys were consisted of measurements of physical elements, observations of living factors, and interviews of resident's responses. The field surveys were fulfilled in 4 houses from February to March 2008. Measuring elements were air temperature, relative humidity, floor temperature, seated place temperature, $CO_2$, CO, and illumination. The results showed that the average of indoor temperature for houses was $13.5{\sim}22.5^{\circ}C$, relative humidity was $30.6{\sim}55.4%$, floor temperature was $13.9{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$, seated place temperature was $27.6{\sim}51.1^{\circ}C$, $CO_2$ was $1434.6{\sim}3305.5ppm$, CO was $2.8{\sim}8.4ppm$, illumination was $31.0{\sim}96.7lux$. The residents' clothing values were $1.10{\sim}1.78clo$. Most of the residents' subjective responses were in discord with the physical elements. It was evaluated to be uncomfortable state, and the main reason was revealed lack of heating and ventilation.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to determine the actual state of indoor environments of solitary elderly houses in the rural district during winter and to analyze the relationship between the influencing factors and indoor physical elements. Field surveys consisted of measurements of physical elements, observations of living factors, and resident's responses in interviews. Field surveys were carried out in 4 houses from $28^{th}$ of February to $2^{nd}$ of March 2008. The elements measured were air temperature, relative humidity, floor temperature, seating-place temperature, CO2 concentration, CO concentration, and illumination. The results showed that the average indoor temperature for houses was $13.5{\sim}22.5^{\circ}C$, relative humidity was 30.6~55.4%, floor temperature was $13.9{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$, temperature when seated was $27.6{\sim}51.1^{\circ}C$, $CO_2$ concentration was 1434.6~3305.5 ppm, CO concentration was 2.8~8.4 ppm, and illumination was 31.0~96.7 lux. The residents' clothing values were 1.10~1.78 clo. The environment was evaluated as being in an unsuitable state, and it was revealed that the main reason was the lack of heating and ventilation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1997

We investigated and analysed the actual conditions and characteristics of railroad noise levels for 17 sites in the vicinity of the Seoul-Pusan Line. The results i,we summarized as follows : 11 Railroad noise level ranged to 64 ~ 74 $L_{eq}$ dB(A) at day time and ranged to 60 ~ 72 $L_{eq}$ dB(A) at night time. 21 Increased night noise level depend on the increase of trains passing at night time. 31 The major factor of Increased noise level in the vicinity of stations are using loudspeakers and stream whistle on trains. 4) Decreased effect of noise according to distance is able to be described quantitatively using regression equations of multiplicative model. $L_{eq}$=$78.59^{X-0.056}$, n =25, r=-0.994, s.e. =1.007 $P_{av}$ = $105.68X^{-0.073}$, n =25, r =-0.997, s.e. = 1.007 Also increased and decreased effect of noise according to floor in apartment Is able to be described quantitatively using regression equations of multiplicative model. $L_{eq}$ = $64.238X^{0.0567}$, n = 39, r = 0.787, s.e. = 1.004 $P_{av}$ =79.963X0.0524, n =39, r =0.689, s.e. = 1.056 5) Average noise level in high floor is over 70 $L_{eq}$ dB(A) at day and night time. so more detailed soundproofing countermeasured in high floors apartment is required.

• 태양에너지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.59-71
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• 1992

본 연구는 주거용건물에서의 난방용에너지 소비량절감 및 실내환경의 쾌적도 향상을 목적으로, 잠열재 용기의 축열 및 방열특성을 파악한 후, 잠열저장패널을 이용한 바닥난방공간의 실내온도분포를 분석하였다. 잠열저장패널의 특성을 구명하기 위해서는 패널의 가열시간에 따른 잠열재의 융해 및 응고특성에 대해 실험 분석하고 실험건물을 이용하여 잠열저장패널을 설치한 실내공간의 온도분포에 대해 실험 분석하였다.