• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.1066-1070
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• 2002

10 male piglets at 5-6 weeks old with similar body weight (BW) were randomly assigned into the experimental (EXP) and control (CON) groups. The animals in EXP received intro-muscular injection with daidzein (DA) at the dose of 0.5 mg DA per kg start BW on day 1. The same procedures were repeated once every 3 days for eight times. The animals in CON received the injection only with same volume of control peanut oil. The animals were weighted on day 14 and 28 and the blood samples were obtained at different stages of the treatment for determining IGF-I levels and blood parameters. At the end of the experiment, the thymus and spleen from all the animals were surgically taken out and weighted. The results showed that BW and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different between the groups in term of the whole period, but ADG between days 14-28 was higher in EXP than in CON (p<0.05). On days 18, 21 and 25, IGF-I levels in EXP group were 20.53% (p<0.05), 15.92% (p>0.05) and 23.46% (p<0.05), respectively, higher than those in CON. The weights of thymus and spleen, the ratios of their weights to BW and red blood count (RBC) did not significantly differ between the groups at all stages. White blood count (WBC) in EXP steadily increased from day 22, reached its apex on day 24, which was higher than in CON (p<0.05) and its own levels on day 20 and 22 (p<0.01 or p<0.05), and remained higher on the later time (p=0.058). The results of percentage of T-Lymphocytes also demonstrated similar trend to WBC, but TLymphocyte transformation rate (%) appeared no significant change between the groups. In conclusion, Daidzein could stimulate male piglet growth and elevate serum IGF-I levels at certain stages of the treatment. It could also increase WBC and T-Lymphocyte rates, but had no significant impacts on RBC and T-Lymphocyte transformation rate.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

다년생 근채류인 인삼, 산양삼, 더덕, 도라지의 중금속 함량 실태조사를 통해 우리나라 국민의 식품 섭취로 인한 중금속 노출수준에 따른 위해성을 평가하였으며, 이를 위해 총 214건을 수거하였다. 근채류 중 납, 카드뮴 및 비소 함량분석을 위해 microwave장치를 이용해 전처리한 후 ICP/MS로 측정하는 시험법을 확립하였다. 중금속의 검출한계는 0.010~0.050 μg/kg이었으며 정량한계는 0.035~0.175 μg/kg이었다. 표준용액 첨가법과 CRM을 이용하여 회수율을 실험한 결과, 76~102%의 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 다년생 근채류 중 납 함량은 평균 0.013(인삼)~0.070(산양삼) mg/kg이었고, 카드뮴 함량은 평균 0.009(인삼)~0.034(더덕) mg/kg이었으며 비소 함량은 평균 0.002(인삼)~0.004(도라지) mg/kg이었다. 다년생 근채류 섭취에 따른 중금속 위해성 평가를 수행한 결과, 중금속 노출량은 각각 Pb 0.070 μg/day, Cd 0.041 μg/day, As 0.008 μg/day으로 인체섭취한계량의 0.03%, 0.08%, 0.0003% 수준이었다. 따라서, 국내 유통되는 인삼, 산양삼, 더덕 및 도라지 섭취로 인한 중금속 노출수준은 JECFA 등의 인체노출안전기준보다 매우 낮았으며 우리나라 국민은 다년생 근채류에 존재하는 중금속의 위해성으로부터 안전하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2015

There is a lack of evidence on the impact of pharmacist interventions in diabetes care in South Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pharmacist counseling on clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. An uncontrolled before-and-after study was conducted at the outpatient diabetes clinic in a teaching hospital in Gyeongnam, South Korea between January 2 and November 30, 2014. A total of 37 patients were enrolled. During the study periods, the participants and pharmacists met every 2 weeks via follow-up telephone calls in addition to face-to-face meetings upon returning for care visit. At each meeting, a structured patient counseling was performed and the average duration of each meeting was 15~30 minutes. The participants were requested to record daily self-care activities. At the end of this study, patients' satisfaction on pharmacist care was evaluated using the questionnaire developed by us. Compared to baseline, significant reductions (mean${\pm}$standard deviation, p<0.05) in HbA1c were observed at each follow-up period: $-0.32{\pm}0.72%$ from baseline to 3 months; $-0.52{\pm}0.76%$ from baseline to 6 months; $-0.72{\pm}0.76%$ from baseline to 9 months. Over the same follow-up period, the proportions of patients achieving target HbA1c (defined as HbA1c<6.5%) were 3.1%, 10.3%, and 20%, respectively. The proportions of patients who never missed a dose during the same follow-up period were 43.8%, 31.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. The results from the patient satisfaction survey indicated that pharmacist counseling improved patients' knowledge about diabetes and possible drug interactions. Especially, the information on a healthy diet and lifestyle was the most satisfying. To conclude, follow-up telephone calls combined with face-to-face meetings improved clinical and humanistic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2015

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a broad range of intermediate hosts. Chickens as important food-producing animals can also serve as intermediate hosts. To date, experimental studies on the pathogenicity of T. gondii in broiler chickens were rarely reported. The objective of the present study was to compare the pathogenicity of 5 different T. gondii strains (RH, CN, JS, CAT2, and CAT3) from various host species origin in 10-day-old chickens. Each group of chickens was infected intraperitoneally with $5{\times}10^8$, $1{\times}10^8$, $1{\times}10^7$, and $1{\times}10^6$ tachyzoites of the 5 strains, respectively. The negative control group was mockly inoculated with PBS alone. After infection, clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures of all the chickens were checked daily. Dead chickens during acute phage of the infection were checked for T. gondii tachyzoites by microscope, while living cases were checked for T. gondii infection at day 53 post-inoculation (PI) by PCR method. Histopathological sections were used to observe the pathological changes in the dead chickens and the living animals at day 53 PI. No significant differences were found in survival periods, histopathological findings, and clinical symptoms among the chickens infected with the RH, CN, CAT2, and CAT3 strains. Histopathological findings and clinical symptoms of the JS (chicken origin) group were similar to the others. However, average survival times of infected chickens of the JS group inoculated with $5{\times}10^8$ and $1{\times}10^8$ tachyzoites were 30.0 and 188.4 hr, respectively, significantly shorter than those of the other 4 mammalian isolates. Chickens exposed to $10^8$ of T. gondii tachyzoites and higher showed acute signs of toxoplasmosis, and the lesions were relatively more severe than those exposed to lower doses. The results indicated that the pathogenicity of JS strain was comparatively stronger to the chicken, and the pathogenicity was dose-dependent.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.97-115
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• 2003

Middle and high school girl students' menstruation characteristics, appearance of menstruation dysmenorrhea, and coping with the menstruation dysmenorrhea were examined in order to give information in instructing girl students about menstruation dysmenorrhea, in delivering health education in the school, and establishing health policy. 970 girl students in middle and high schools in Cheju-do were selected and surveyed using the questionnaire the author developed based on the previous studies. The findings are as follows. First, the age of first menstruation was average $12.9{\pm}1.22$ years. The younger they were, the earlier their first menstruation came. The most common menstrual cycle was such one that continuously irregular from the beginning or that regular and irregular cycle run together. The first irregular menstrual cycle changed regular one within 1 or 2 years. Most of the respondents had normal menstrual cycle of $21{\sim}35$ days and menstruation period of $3{\sim}8$ days. Second, symptom of menstruation dysmenorrhea was orderly; hurt in the underbelly, tired, hurt in the waist, and headache. It was higher with high school students than middle school students. For the most part, time of heavy menstruation dysmenorrhea was the 2nd day after menstruation starts and period of menstruation dysmenorrhea was 2 days. More than the half of the respondents felt that the present menstruation dysmenorrhea was similar with the first one and they felt not comport in daily life due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, and 'hard to live a normal life' was higher with the high school girl students than with the middle school students. Third, how to cope with menstruation dysmenorrhea was enough sleep, relax and rest, taking a hot water shower, listening to music or watching a movie, taking medicine, and doing excercise. Few of the respondents have ever visited a doctor due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, and the reason was mostly irregular menstruation and heavy dysmenorrhea. Forth, when they took medicine due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, they gathered information on the medicine from family members and friends, while extremely low from a pharmacist or a doctor. The most of them have ever took medicine during menstruation once and took standard dose. While excess dosage was higher with high school students than with middle school students. From these findings, a good many girls are experiencing menstruation dysmenorrhea since their first menstruation. To discover early the severely abnormal findings and to treat, more interest from home and school, counseling and sexual education on time, and expert's diagnosis are necessary. Rather than unconditionally taking pain-relievers which can plainly solve the pain, continuous health education at home and in the school should be carried on for the girls to practice proper measures one think effective or an expert recommends.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.434-442
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• 2021

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the influence of dietary flavonoids on the growth performance, blood and intestinal profiles, and carcass characteristics of broilers by employing a meta-analysis method. Methods: A database was built from published studies which have reported on the addition of various levels of flavonoids from herbs into broiler diets and then monitored growth performance, blood constituents, carcass proportion and small intestinal morphology. A total of 42 articles were integrated into the database. Several forms of flavonoids in herbs were applied in the form of unextracted and crude extracts. The database compiled was statistically analyzed using mixed model methodology. Different studies were considered as random effects, and the doses of flavonoids were treated as fixed effects. The model statistics used were the p-values and the Akaike information criterion. The significance of an effect was stated when its p-value was <0.05. Results: Dietary flavonoids increased (quadratic pattern; p<0.05) the average daily gain of broilers in the finisher phase. There was a reduction (p<0.01) in the feed conversion ratio of the broilers both in the starter (linear pattern) and finisher phases (quadratic pattern). The mortality rate tended to decrease linearly (p<0.1) with the addition of flavonoids, while the carcass parameter was generally not influenced. A reduction (p<0.001) in cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentrations (both linearly) was observed, while super oxide dismutase activity increased linearly (p<0.001). Increasing the dose of flavonoids increased (p<0.01) the villus height (VH) and villus height and crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio (p<0.05) in the duodenum. Similarly, the VH:CD ratio was elevated (p<0.001) in the jejunum following flavonoid supplementation. Conclusion: Increasing levels of flavonoids in broilers diet leads to an improvement in growth performance, blood constituents, carcass composition and small intestinal morphology.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.375-387
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• 2012

시중에서 유통 중인 환제 31종 93건을 수집하여 유해 중금속 (납, 카드뮴, 비소 및 수은)의 함량을 조사하고 유해성을 평가하였다. 중금속 중 납, 카드뮴, 비소는 Microwave dirgestion system를 이용하여 질산 분해 후 ICP-MS를 사용하였고, 수은은 시료를 수은분석기에 직접 주입하여 측정하였다. 중금속의 위해성 평가는 국제식품첨가물위원회(JECFA)의 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI)과 비교하여 %PTWI를 산출하였고 또한 참고섭취량(RfD)과 발암잠재력(SF)을 이용하여 비발암위해도와 발암위해도를 평가하였다. 전체 시료의 중금속의 평균 함량(mg/kg)은 납 0.87, 카드뮴 0.08, 비소 2.87 및 수은 0.16이었고, 재료별 평균 함량(mg/kg)은 표피 0.63, 열매 3.94, 잎 1.42, 뿌리 1.05, 종자 0.16, 해조류 22.31 및 기타 10.17이었다. 납은 전체 시료인 31개 중 28개 시료에서 0.01 mg/kg이상 검출되었으며 카드뮴은 31개 중 24개 시료에서 0.01 mg/kg이상 검출되었고, 비소는 31개 중 29개 시료에서 0.01 mg/kg 이상 검출되었다. 또한 수은은 31개 중 29개 시료에서 0.01 mg/kg 이상 검출되었다. 시료 중 석류환과 칡환은 납의 함량이 높았고, 톳환은 수은의 함량이 높았으며 다시마와 톳환은 비소의 함량이 높았다. 중금속의 위해지수 (비발암위해도)는 표피 0.09, 열매 0.51, 잎 0.33, 뿌리 0.21, 종자 0.02, 해조류 4.84, 기타 0.05이었다. 납의 평균 주간섭취량(${\mu}g$/kg/week)은 0.77로, 국제식품 첨가물위원회(JECFA)의 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI) 25의 3.1% 수준이었으며, 납의 초과발암위해도는 표피 $1.95{\times}10^{-7}$, 열매 $1.45{\times}10^{-6}$, 잎 $2.14{\times}10^{-7}$, 뿌리 $6.27{\times}10^{-7}$, 종자 $1.99{\times}10^{-8}$, 해조 $3.61{\times}10^{-7}$, 기타 $9.64{\times}10^{-8}$이었으며, 전체 시료에서는 $4.24{\times}10^{-7}$로 산출되어 평생 동안 섭취할 경우 천만명당 4명의 비율로 암이 발생하는 수준이었다. 카드뮴의 평균 주간섭취량(${\mu}g$/kg/week)은 0.06로 국제식품첨가물위원회(JECFA)의 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI) 7과 미국 환경보호청(U.S.EPA)의 참고섭취량(RfD) 0.001 mg/kg/day의 0.9%이었다. 비소의 평균 주간섭취량(${\mu}g$/kg/week)은 2.14이었으나, 비소의 %PTWI는 2010년 비소 독성에 대한 기존의 잠정주간섭취허용량(PTWI)값의 유지가 적절하지 못하다는 국제식품첨가물위원회(JECFA)(140)의 판단 하에 폐지되어 비교할 수 없었고, 미국 환경보호청(U.S.EPA)의 참고섭취량(RfD) 0.3 ${\mu}g$/kg/day을 기준으로 평가하면 참고섭취량(RfD)의 98.3%이었다. 또한 미국 환경보호청(U.S.EPA)의 발암 잠재력(SF)값을 적용하여 시료 중의 비소종이 모두 무기비소일 경우 초과발암위해도를 산출한 결과 표피 $1.54{\times}10^{-5}$, 열매 $7.24{\times}10^{-5}$, 잎 $1.23{\times}10^{-4}$, 뿌리 $2.02{\times}10^{-5}$, 종자 $3.25{\times}10^{-6}$, 해조 $2.18{\times}10^{-3}$, 기타 $5.67{\times}10^{-6}$이었고, 전체 시료에서는 $3.38{\times}10^{-4}$이었으나, 농산물 중의 무기비소 비율 약 23%를 감안하면 $7.78{\times}10^{-5}$이었으며, 비소 함량이 높게 나타난 해조류를 제외한 다른 시료들의 초과발암위해도는 $9.20{\times}10^{-6}$이었다. 수은의 주간 평균섭취량(${\mu}g$/kg/week)은 0.026로 국제식품첨가물위원회(JECFA)의 잠정주간 섭취허용량(PTWI) 5의 0.5%의 수준이었다. 유통 환제에서 중금속의 함량을 분석하고 위해성을 평가한 결과 중금속이 비교적 높게 검출된 일부 시료를 제외하고 대부분의 시료에서 자연 함량의 수준으로 측정되어, 안전한 수준으로 평가되었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.215-223
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• 1995

Purpose : The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, survival rate and complication of radiation in nasopharyngeal cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1980 to May 1989. Fifty patients who had nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with curative radiation therapy at Kosin Medical Center were retrospectively studied. Thirty seven patients($74{\%}$) were treated with radiation therapy alone(Group I) and 13 patients ($26{\%}$) treated with combination of chemotherapy and radiation (Group II). Age distribution was 16-75 years(median : 45.8 years). In histologic type, squamous cell carcinoma was in 30 patients($60{\%}$), undifferentiated carcinoma in 17 patients($34{\%}$), and lymphoepithelioma in 3 patients($6{\%}$). According t AJCC staging system. 4 patients($8{\%}$) were in $T_1$, 13 patients($26{\%}$) in $T_2$. 20 patients($40{\%}$) in $T_3$, 13 patients($26{\%}$) in $T_4$ and 7 patients($14{\%}$) in $N_0$, 6 patients($12{\%}$) $N_1$, 23 patients($46{\%}$) in $N_2$, 14 patients($28{\%}$) in $N_3$. Total radiation dose ranges were 5250-9200cGy(median : 7355 cGy) in Group I and 5360-8400cGy(median : 6758cGy) in Group II Radiotherapy on 4-6MV linear accelerator and/or 6-12MeV electron in boost radiation was given with conventional technique to 26 patients($52{\%}$), with hyperfractionation(115-120cGy/fr., 2times/day) to 16 patients($32{\%}$), with accelerated fractionation(160cGy/fr., 2 times/day) to 8 patients($16{\%}$). In chemotherapy, 5 FU 1000mg daily for 5 consecutive days, pepleomycin 10mg on days 1 and 3, and cisplatin 100mg on day 1 were administered with 3weeks interval, total 1 to 3 cycles(average 1.8cycles) prior to radiation therapy. Follow up duration was 6-140 months(mean : 58 months). Statistics was calculated with Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Results : Complete local control rates in Group I and II were $75.7{\%},\;69.2{\%} Overall 5 year survival rates in Group I and II were $56.8{\%},\;30.8{\%}$. Five year survival rates by histologic type in Group I and II were $52.2{\%},\;14.3{\%}$ is squamous cell carcinoma and $54.5{\%},\;50{\%}$ in undifferentiated carcinoma. Survival rates in Group I were superior to those of Group II though there were not statistically significant. In both group, survival rates seem to be increased according to increasing total dose of radiation up to 7500cGy, but not increased beyond it. There were not statistically significant differences in survival rates by age, stage, and radiation techniques in both group. Twenty four patients($48{\%}$) experienced treatment failures. Complications were found in 12 patients($24{\%}$). The most common one was osteomyelitis(4 patients, $33.3{\%}$) involving mandible (3 patients) and maxilla(1 patient). Conclusion : Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy was found to be not effective to nasopharyngeal cancer and the survival rate was also inferior to that of radiation alone group though it was statistically not significant due to small population in chemotherapy combined group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

연구배경: Acinetobacter baumannii는 항생제에 대한 내성균이 자주 발생하며 MDR Acinetobacter baumannii 감염의 치료 시 항생제 선택에 어려움이 있다. Colistin은 그람 음성균에 효과적이며 MDR Acinetobacter균에 감수성을 보이나 전신투여 시 신독성, 신경독성 등의 부작용으로 인해 잘 쓰이지 않는 약제이다. 전신투여에 의한 부작용을 회피하는 방법으로 분무치료가 있다. 그러나 MDR Acinetobacter baumannii 페렴환자에서 colistin 분무치료의 효과와 부작용에 대한 국내연구는 부족한 실정이어서 저자들은 다음과 같은 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 2006년 12월부터 2007년 8월까지 중환자실의 폐렴환자 중에서 호흡기검체 배양검사를 통해 imipenem에 내성을 포함한 MDR Acinetobacter baumannii균에 의한 폐렴이 진단된 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이들 중 항생제 정맥주사와 더불어 하루 3번의 colistin 분무치료를 시행했던 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여 임상 소견, 신기능, 인공호흡기의 최대기도압의 변화를 분석 하였다 결과: 총 31명의 환자에서 colistin 분무치료를 시행하였다. Colistin 사용기간은 $14{\pm}7$일이었으며, 하루 흡입용량은 225~300 mg이었다. Colistin 분무치료 후 25명/31명(80.6%)에서 Acinetobacter균이 제거되었으나 이 중 11명(44%)에서는 2차 감염에 의한 새로운 균이 배양되었다. Colistin 분무치료 전, 후로 백혈구 수는 감소하였다. Colistin 분무치료 후 신기능의 장애는 발생하지 않았으며 의미 있는 기관지경련의 소견도 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 적절한 항생제를 선택하기 어려운 MDR Acinetobacter baumanii에 의한 폐렴을 치료하는데 colistin 분무치료는 비교적 높은 균 제거율과 낮은 부작용을 보이므로 고려해 볼 수 있는 치료방법으로 사료된다.