• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 1984

The objective of this experiment was to improve the quality of Kochujang and to shorten the aging time of it by using the Kojis of various Aspergillus strains. During the autumn season Kochujangs were mashed with Koji of Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii and Aspergillus shirousamii. Chemical composition of the Kochujang was determined during the aging period. There was no significant difference in quality and component between the Kochujang made with Aspergillus oryzae cultured Koji and Aspergillus kawachii cultured Koji. But the Kochujang with Aspergillus shirousamii cultured Koji was better in flavor, color and amino nitrogen contents than the Kochujang with Aspergillus oryzae cultured Koji, though two Kochuangs were almost the same in general components. The significant difference between the two tested Kochuangs was observed in pH, and the pH of the Kochujong with Aspergillus shirousamii cultured Koji was extremely low during the aging period. Thus it is presumed that Aspergillus shirousamii Koji can be used for the improvement of quality of Kochujang if a suitable method is applied to prevent pH from lowering.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Available data suggest that seasonal changes may influence the nutritional status and overall health of elderly individuals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of seasonal changes and related factors on energy and nutrient intake of older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Individuals aged 65 years or over were prospectively enrolled in this single-center study (male: 11, female: 20). Data were collected between May 2013 and February 2014 during winter, spring, summer and autumn. Food consumption and biochemical parameters were taken during each season to assess the seasonal nutrition status of the elderly. Upon analysis of biochemical parameters (retinol, vitamin D and vitamin C), an high-performance liquid chromatography device was utilized whereas an Immulite 2000 device was utilized during analysis of serum folic acid and parathyroid hormone. RESULTS: Fruit, fat, egg and bread consumption varied seasonally in males and females (P < 0.05). During winter, daily energy intake was found to be greater than in other seasons in males (557 kcal) and females (330 kcal) (P < 0.05). Additionally, carbohydrates, vegetable protein, n-3 fatty acid and sodium intake increased in winter, while the n-6/n-3 ratio increased in summer among males (P < 0.05). Dietary fiber and sodium intake in winter, vitamin C, iron and zinc intake in spring, and cholesterol, retinol, vitamin D and niacin intake in autumn were found to be higher in females when compared to other seasons (P < 0.05). Serum parathyroid hormone level was higher in winter, and vitamin D level was higher in autumn in both genders (P < 0.05). In males, blood folic acid level was higher in winter, while vitamin C level was higher in females, and there was no seasonal variation in retinol concentration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Food consumption and biochemical parameters showed significant seasonal variations in older adults. It is not clear if nutrition plans in older adults will benefit from consideration of seasonal changes in eating habits.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect wildbirds in Chuwangsan National Park. The survey was carried out over two survey sections by the line transect method in spring, summer and autumn in 1994. Total number of observed birds were 42 species(33 species in spring, 32 species in summer, and 26 species in autumn), and the result was the same with the typical pattern of temperate bird communities. Total number of natural monument and rare birds were 7 species, which included Golden Eagle(Aquila chrysaetos), Chinese Sparrow Hawk(Accipter soloensis), Eagle Owl(Bubo bubo), etc. In breeding season, species richness was high in canopy nesting guild, and density(ea/ha) was high in hole nesting guild. Canopy foraging guild was dominated in spring and summer, ratio of bush(or ground) foraging guild was increased in autumn. Since the habitats of observed natural monuments and rare species were roughly overlapped with the nature preservation area, it is necessary to preserve the area completely and to investigate and protect these species continuously. For the protection of the bush(or ground) foraging guild, it needs to plant bushes around trails and to control users. Food plants, artificial food planting of bushs, and artificial nest are needed for the habituation of wildbirds, and as the damage of wild cats is increasing lately, it needs to control these cats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.607-616
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• 2002

This study analyzed the effects of pH, sex, backfat thickness, ribeye area, cold carcass weight, shipping month, muscle internal temperature, average daily temperature, and average relative humidity for slaughtered Hanwoo to meat color by season. The analyses focused on interaction and each effect to meat color of the factors. For the result for analysis of multiple linear regressions, meat color values were decreased as pH increased in all meat color, and the meat color values increased as the backfat thickness was increased. As the results of the decision tree analysis by each factor, cow and steer slaughtered in spring and autumn were the highest in the lightness(L*). The redness(a*) was the cases that pH was less than 5.63 and average relative humidity was over than 71.5% for Hanwoo slaughtered in autumn. The chroma(C*) value was the highest for Hanwoo that was slaughtered in summer and autumn, the pH was less than 5.60, and the back fat thickness was over than 8 mm. The hue angle($h^0$) was shown that the muscle internal temperature was less than 4.7$^{\circ}C$ among Hanwoo which was slaughtered in spring, summer, and autumn, the pH was less than 5.66, and the back fat thickness was over than 8 mm.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

Characteristics (salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, moisture content, and textural properties) of radish cube $(2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm)$ were evaluated during salting. Three different summer radish cultivars harvested in high land were immersed into 15% brine solution (radish : brine solution = 1 : 2) at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. The time required to reach the optimum salt concentration (3%) was different among cultivars; 3 h for 'Bakbong', 4 h for 'Kwandong' and '92343'. Similar weight loss (about 24-26%) of salted radish cubes was found among cultivars. While the highest value of weight loss of salted radish cubes was observed with '92343', the lowest, 'Bakbong'. Hardness decreased during salting; the highest value of hardness was observer with 'Kwandong', the lowest, 'Bankbong'. The sample of '92343' has the lowest moisture content but has the highest soluble solid content and hardness, while 'Bakbong' has the highest moisture content, but has the lowest soluble solid content and '92343'. In separate experiments, seasonal variations in characteristics of salted radish cubes at optimum salt concentration (3%) were observed: for 'Bakbong', salt concentration, weight loss, soluble solid content, and hardness, and for 'Bakwang', salt concentration, weight loss, and hardness were higher in autumn cultivars than in spring or summer one, while moisture contents of both cultivars were higher in spring or summer cultivars than in autumn one.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.426-438
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• 2001

Nutrient intake of Koreans from the 1999 Seasonal Nutrition Survey was somewhat lower than those of 1995 National Nutrition Survey or 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey owing to the seasonal variation in amount and kind of foods eaten. In addition to the seasonal variation, low response rate of households which were surveyed twice was another reason for lower intake. Analysis of the major source of nutrients showed that intake of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C was influenced by seasonal food supply pattern. And especially, vitamin A and vitamin C intake was more influenced by consumption of fruits and vegetables than other food groups. Main sources of these two nutrients were spinach and strawberry in spring, watermelon, tomato, melon and potato in summer, and grapes and pumpkin in autumn. As shown before in the report on food consumption, intake of beverages, drinks, fruits and vegetables was more influenced by season than others and these food groups affected the nutrient intake most. With the results of the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, this study made it possible to estimate the average nutrient intake of the Korean population through out a year.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.39-41
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• 1979

Succeed to structural elucidation, the anthocyanins in the Korean restive Brassica juncea were quantitatively investigated. And obtained results were as follows: 1. The amount of total anthocyanins showed a little difference according to harvesting season, such as 175.5mg% in spring and 192.7mg% in autumn, as peonidin-3-glucoside. 2. By colored degree of leaf, the amount of total anthocyanins showed 290.2mg% in both side colored, 73.6mg% in one side colored and 40.0mg% in none colored as peonidin-3-glucoside. 3. The characteristic color of fresh Brassica juncea couldn't he detected with naked eyes within the limits of 40mg% of anthocyanin as peonidin-3-glucoside. 4. There were no differences with the harvesting season and the colored degree in the ratio of two kinds of anthocyanins, which was consisted of 57.3% of peonidin-3-glucoside and 44.7% of peonidin-3-galactoside.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 1996

To estimate the variation of food organisms on the corrugated PVC sheets, we analysed the chlorophyll a and. pheopigments of the benthic microalgae on the sheets from the oyster culture ponds. We estimated the standing crops as the amounts of chlorophyll a, and the physiological state of cells as the pheopigments level in the benthic microalgae. The amount of chlorophyll a was increased by immersion time in winter but the peak was observed every two weeks in summer, while the ratio of pheopigments was highest in summer but the low level was observed in spring and autumn. These seasonal variation were well coincided with the natural spawning season and the good microalgae nutritional valance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.444-452
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• 2012

We conducted a comprehensive monitoring for freshwater food web in a wetland system (Jangcheok Lake), from May to October, 2011. Monthly sampling for zooplankton, fish as well as organic matters, was implemented. In order to understand the food web structure and energy flow, we applied stable isotope analysis to the collected samples, based on ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of epiphytic particulate organic matter(EPOM) and particulate organic matter (POM), epiphytic and planktonic zooplankton, fish (Lepomis macrochirus). In the study site, epiphytic and planktonic zooplankton was 24 and 30 species, respectively, and coincidence species between epiphytic and planktonic zooplankton were 20 species. Epiphytic zooplankton were more abundant during the spring and early summer (May to July); however, planktonic zooplankton were more abundant during the autumn (September to October) season. Stable isotope analysis revealed that fish and epiphytic zooplankton had seasonal variations on their food sources. EPOM largely contributed epiphytic zooplankton in spring (May), but increasing contribution of POM in autumn (September) was detected. However, planktonic zooplankton depended on only POM in both seasons. Fish utilized both epiphytic and planktonic zooplankton, but small sized (1~3 cm), fish preferred epiphytic zooplankton, where as larger sized (4~7 cm) fish tended to consume planktonic zooplankton, and epiphytic zooplankton had important role in energy transfer. This pattern was clear when results of spring and autumn stable isotope analysis were compared. From the results of this study, we confirmed that wetlands ecosystem supported various epiphytic and planktonic zooplankton species, they depend on other food items, respectively. L. macrochirus also showed a difference of food source according to the body size, they depend on seasonal density change of zooplankton. In particular, epiphytic zooplankton was very important for growth and development of young fish in the spring.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2011

Seventeen 30% EtOH extracts from the Compositae plants collected in Gangwon-do, Korea during autumn season were analyzed by HPLC using three standard caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-Omuco-quinic acid) and six flavonoids (rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol) to find the composition of phenolic compounds and also assayed to evaluate the peroxynitrite (ONOO$^-$) scavenging effect. The extracts with $IC_{50}$ values less than 2.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ were as follows: Aster tartaricus ($IC_{50}$, $1.26{\pm}0.10\;{\mu}g/ml$), A. maaki ($1.45{\pm}0.03\;{\mu}g/ml$), Solidago virga-aurea, ($1.45{\pm}0.03\;{\mu}g/ml$), Picris hierraciodes var. glabrescens ($1.45{\pm}0.04 \;{\mu}g/ml$), Lactuca triangulata ($1.50{\pm}0.09\;{\mu}g/ml$), Chrysanthemum zawadskii ssp. acutilobum, ($1.79{\pm}0.14\;{\mu}g/ml$). Particularly, the proportion of total phenolic compounds measured in the extract of L. triangulata was highest as the value 54.51%.