• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.463-468
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• 1993

솔잎혹파리(Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) 방제용으로 소나무의 수간에 주입된 침투성 살충제 phosphamidon(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate)의 이행 및 분포를 구명하기 위하여 $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]phosphamidon$을 약 10년생의 적송과 해송에 각각 수간주사하였다. 이 약제의 최고이행속도는 적송(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)과 해송(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)에서 각각 약 10 cm/hr(7월)와 2 cm/hr(12월)이었다. 처리된 방사능은 하계의 적송에서는 75일까지 일정한 수준을 유지하였으나 동계의 해송에서는 150일까지 유지하였다. 본 약제가 살충가능한 농도로 top에 도달하는데 걸리는 기간은 적송(7월)에서는 3일 이내인 반면 해송(12월)에서는 15일 이내이었으며, 그 이행정도는 약제처리시기 및 수종에 의하여 영향을 받았다. 솔잎에 잔류하는 phosphamidon과 그 대사산물은 methanol로 잘 추출되었으며, 솔잎시료의 methanol 추출액을 autoradiography한 결과 phosphamidon은 소나무내에서 신속히 분해되어 7일 내에 약 80% 정도가 분해되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1977

Phenyl carbamates, phenyl ureas 및 acylanilides등의 제초제(除草劑)는 토양중(土壤中)에서 미생물(微生物)의 작용(作用)에 의(依)하여 발암성(發癌性) 물질(物質)로 알려진 Azo 화합물(化合物)을 형성(形成)하여 많은 주목(注目)을 끌고있다. 따라서 많은 연구자(硏究者)들은 이의 연구(硏究)에 있어 azo화합물(化合物)의 일종(一種)인 TCAB를 3,-dichloro nitrobenzene으로부터 합성(合性)하였으나 탈염소화(脫鹽素化) 작용(作用) 등(等)의 결점(缺點) 있고 또한 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 환표식(環標識) $^{14}C-3,4-DCA$로부터 환표식(環標識) $^{14}C-TCAB$를 합성(合成)할 필요(必要)가 있었으므로 본방법(本方法)을 고찰(考案)하였다. 즉(卽) 3,4-DCA를 Pyridine에 녹인후 공기(空氣) 존재하(存在下)에서 $60^{\circ}C$로 5-12 시간(時間) 동안 CuCl과 반응(反應)시켜 80.2% 수율(收率)로 표식(標識) 및 비표식(標識) TCAB를 합성(合成) 하였으며 그의 정제과정(精製過程)을 상세(詳細)히 기술(記述)하였다. 또한 TCAB 이성체(異性體)의 성질(性質)을 Autoradiography, TLC, GLC, IR 및 M.S로 검토(檢討) 확인(確認)하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 1987

고려인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 뿌리의 주요 성분중의 하나인 saponin류(ginsenosides)의 생합성 경로를 규명하기 위하여 인삼 뿌리 절편(2g)을 20mM sodium acetate ($500\mu$Ci [U-$^{l4}C$]-acetate), 10 mM mevalonate ($25\mu$Ci [2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate), 10 mM squalene ($10\mu$Ci [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene)을 각각 포함한 반응액에 가하고 $30^{\circ}C$에서 72시간 가온처리하여 얻은 생성물을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. [U-$^{l4}C$]-acetate, [2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate, [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene으로부터 각각 방사성 인삼 saponin이 합성됨을 autoradiography로 확인하였다. 2. [U-$^{l4}C$]-acetate로부터의 생성물을 T.L.C.로 분리 분석한 결과 panaxadiol, panaxatriol, squalene, mevalonate에서 회수된 방사능이 각각 가해준 총 방사능의 2.1%, 2.7%, 2.6%, 0.2% 였으며 당에서도 상당량의 방사능이 탐지되었다. 3. 2-$^{l4}C$]-mevalonate로부터의 생성물을 T.L.C.로 분리 분석한 결과 squalene에서 많은 방사능이 회수되었고 [4,8,12,13,17,21-$^3H$]-squalene으로부터의 생성물을 T.L.C.로 분리 분석한 결과 panaxadiol, panaxatriol, sterol에서 많은 방사능이 회수되었다. 이상과 같은 실험결과로부터, 인삼뿌리에서의 saponin류 합성이 acetate로부터 mevalonate, squalene등의 중간 물질을 거치는 경로가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.159-174
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• 2002

Objective : The meridian theory in oriental medicine explains that each acu-point has a characteristic functional effect. It will be supposed that an acupuncture stimulation on different acu-point evokes different activation on different areas in the central nervous system(CNS) according to the meridian theory. On this supposition, our group tried the semi-quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose([14C]2-DG) autoradiography on the acupuncture stimulation to the hindlimb acu-points of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : A venous catheter for the intravenous administration of isotope was equipped in the right external jugular vein on 3 days prior to the [14C]2-DG study. On the day of the study, two acupuncture needles were inserted into the ST36(Zusanli) or LR3(Taichong) on the left hindlimb. Electro-acupuncture stimulation (2 Hz, 5 ms, 1~3 mA, 15 minutes) started just before the i.v. injection of [14C]2-DG ($25{\mu}Ci/rat$). The brain and the spinal cord were removed and processed for the [14C] 2-DG autoradiography. Results : The EA stimulation on ST36 reveals over 120% metaboilc activation in Arcuate nucleus, Anterior pretectal nucleus, Dorsal cochlear nucleus, Interposed cerebellar nucleus, and Nucleus of Darkschewitsch. The EA stimulation on LR3 reveals over 120% metaboilc activation in Lateral habenula nucleus, Medial vestibular nucleus, Ventromedial thalamic nucleus, Anteroventral thalamic nucleus, Anterior cingulate cortex, Dentate gyrus, Antero cortical amygdaloid nucleus, Anterior pretectal nucleus, and Dorsal tegmental nucleus compared with the non EA stimulation control group. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the different acu-points evoke the different activations in brain areas. And with this functional brain mapping study, a new scientific elucidation for the basis of the acupuncture-meridian theory in oriental medicine through differences of activated area in CNS according to the each acupuncture point.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2019

2-Nitroimidazole derivatives have been reported to accumulate in hypoxic tissue. We prepared a novel $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole and evaluated the feasibility for hypoxia imaging agent. $Bz-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was synthesized by direct coupling of $Bz-MAG_3$ and 2-nitroimidazole using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. $Bz-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ in the presence of tartaric acid and $SnCl_2-2H_2O$ at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. And the reaction mixture was purified by $C_{18}$ Sep-pak cartridge. The labeling efficiency and the radiochemical purity were checked by ITLC-SG/acetonitrile. The tumor was grown in balb/c mice for 8~13 days after the subcutaneous injection of tumor cells, CT-26 (murine colon adenocarcinoma cell). Biodistribution study and tumor autoradiography were performed in the xenografted mice after i.v injection of 74 kBq/0.1 mL and 19 MBq/0.1 mL of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole, respectively. In vivo images of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole in tumor bearing mice were obtained 1.5 hr post injection. The labeling efficiency was $45{\pm}20%$ and the radiochemical purity after purification was over 95%. Paper electrophoresis confirmed negative charge of $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole. $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was very stable at room temperature and its protein binding was 53%. The $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole exhibited high uptake in the liver, stomach and intestine. In biodistribution study using tumor bearing mice, the uptakes (% ID/g) of the tumor were $0.5{\pm}0.1$, $0.4{\pm}0.0$, $0.2{\pm}0.1$ and $0.1{\pm}0.1$ at 5, 15, 30 min and 4 hrs. Tumor/muscle ratio were $1.4{\pm}0.1$, $2.2{\pm}0.83$, $3.0{\pm}0.9$, and 3.7 (n=2) for 5, 15, 30 min and 4 hrs. The uptake in hypoxic area was found higher than in non-hypoxic area of tumor tissue by autoradiography. In vivo images showed the relatively faint uptake to the hypoxic tumor region. $^{99m}Tc-MAG_3$-2-nitroimidazole was successfully synthesized and found feasible for imaging hypoxia.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2023

In this study, we evaluated the targeting of prostate cancer (PCa) using [¹⁸F]Florastamin in non-clinical study, for the purpose of therapeutic monitoring of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep, a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for PCa, [¹⁸F]Florastamin/[¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep was co-administered to a single-individual prostate tumor bearing mouse model, mimicking clinical condition. Considering the difference in half-life of the two isotopes (¹⁸F or ¹⁷⁷Lu), image scan of whole-body autoradiography was performed at 24 or 48 h after preparation of frozen section, respectively. Then, it was confirmed whether they showed the same targeting efficiency for the area of tumor. A tumor xenograft model was prepared using PSMA-overexpressing PC3-PIP prostate cancer cells. [¹⁸F]Florastamin [111 MBq (3 mCi) in 100 µL]/¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep [3.7 MBq (100 µCi) in 100 µL] was co-administered through the tail vein, and 2 hours after administration, the mice were frozen, and after freezing for 24 hours, whole-body cryosection was performed at 24 h after freezing. Image scanning using cryosection was performed after 24 or 48 hours after freezing, respectively. In the scan image after 24 hours, tumor uptake of [¹⁸F] Florastamin/[¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep were simultaneously observed specific uptake in the tumor. In the scan image after 48 hours in the same section, signal of ¹⁸F was lost by decay of radioisotope, and specific uptake image for [¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep was observed in the tumor. Uptake of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep was specific to the same tumor region where [¹⁸F]Florastamin/[¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep was uptake. These results suggested that [¹⁸F]Florastamin showed the same tumor uptake efficiency to PCa as [¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep, and effective therapeutic monitoring is expected to be enable using [¹⁸F]Florastamin during [¹⁷⁷Lu]Ludotadipep therapy for PCa.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1999

A blue biliprotein, insecticyanin (INS), has been purified from the last instar larval hemolymph of Agrius convolvuli by ultracentrifugation, Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The molecular mass of INS was estimated to be 26 kDa and the N-terminal sequence of INS revealed high similarity to that of Manduca sexta. Results of Western blotting and autoradiography indicated that INS is synthesized by the epidermis and released into the hemolymph. In contrast to the INS reported in other insects, Agrius convolvuli INS contained a small amount of lipid, predominately consisting of triacylglycerol. Subcellular localization of INS was determined using protein-A gold particles linked to secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit Ig). INS was heavily accumulated in the cytoplasmic inclusion body (CIB). CIBs showed a variety of shapes from rod to globule and generally surrounded the nucleus. They were mostly located near the basement membrane and especially abundant in the intersegmental membrane.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.459-464
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• 1997

The human liver cDNA clone UDPGTh2, encoding a liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) was isolated from a .gamma. gt 11 cDNA library by hybridization to mouse transferase cDNA clone, UDPGTm1. UDPGTh2 encoded a 529 amino acid protein with an amino terminus membrane-insertion signal peptide and a carboxyl terminus membrane-spanning region. There were three potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites at residues 67, 68, and 315. In order to obtain UDPGTh2 protein encoded from cloned human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA, the clone was inserted into the pSVL vector (pUDPGTh2) and expressed in COS 1 cells. The presence of a transferase with Mr-52,000 in transfected cells cultured in the presence of $[^{35}S]$ methionine was shown by immunocomplexed products with goat antimouse transferase IgG and protein A-Sepharose and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The expressed UDPGT was a glycoprotein as indicated by electrophoretic mobility shift in Mr-3,000-4,000 when expressed in the presence of tunicamycin. The extent of glycosylation was difficult to assess, although one could assume that glycosyl structures incorporated at the level of endoplasmic reticulum were always the core oligosaccharides. Thus, it is likely that at least two moieties inserted can account for the shift of Mr-3,000-4,000. This study demonstrates the cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase cDNA, UDPGTh2.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.309-325
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intrinsic factor and extrinsic factor for growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage of 4 day-old rats in a serum-free medium for 1, 4, 7, 14 days. They were compared with normal growth in vivo and with growth of spheno-occipital synchondrosis in serum-free medium. The cellular kinetics of cartilages were evaluated by auto-radiography of tritiated thymidine. 1. Condylar cartilage was enlarged with rounded head on day 14 of experiment while in vivo the rounded-headed shape changed into functionally flattened appearance. 2. On day 14 of experiment, a severe reduction of the proliferative zone and a considerable increase of the hypertrophic zone were observed while in normal control group endochondrol bone formation and bone marrow were observed. 3. The proliferative activity in the proliferative zone of condylar cartilage detected by $^3H-thymidine$ incorporation was lower than that of normal control group and decreased more than that of spheno-occipital synchondrosis, but it continued during the 14 days of culture. 4. The continued maintenance of condylar cartilage and morphologic change were disturbed in this culture system, but cell division within the proliferative zone was continued and probably linked to intrinsic factor.

• BMB Reports
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.594-598
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• 1999

The Jun and Fos families of eukaryotic transcription factors form heterodimers capable of binding to their cognate DNA enhancer elements. We are interested in searching for inhibitors or antagonists of the binding of the Jun-Fos heterodimer to the activator protein-1 (AP-1) site. The basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of c-Fos was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase, and allowed to form a heterodimer with the bZIP domain of c-Jun. The heterodimer was bound to glutathione-agarose, to which were added radiolabeled AP-1 nucleotides. After thorough washing, the gel-bound radioactivity was counted. The assay is faster than the coventional electrophoretic mobility shift assay because the gel electrophoresis step and the autoradiography step are eliminated. Moreover, the assay is very sensitive, allowing the detection of picomolar quantities of nucleotides, and is not affected by up to 50% dimethylsulfoxide, a solvent for hydrophobic inhibitors. Curcumin and dihydroguaiaretic acid, recently known inhibitors of Jun-Fos-DNA complex formation, were applied to this Jun-GST-fused Fos system and revealed to decrease the dimer-DNA binding.