• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.908-913
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• 2010

This study analyzed the impact of climatic and topographic factors on tree radial growth of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. in central regions of Korea. To find the relationship between annual tree radial growth and climatic factors, we took the core samples from individual trees and measured the tree radial width. On the assumption that the tree radial growth is related to the tree age, we estimated the radial growth by the tree age as an independent variable. Also, we estimated the standard growth, defined as the radial growth of trees aged 30. As results, we found the spatial auto-correlation in the radial growth of the red pine. Moreover, we also found the relationships between climatic and topographic and the standard growth using the GAM (Generalized Additive Model). Increase of temperature has negative impacts on the radial growth of Pinus densiflora, while it has positive impacts on the radial growth of Quercus spp.. On the other hands, increase of precipitation has negative impacts on the radial growth of both species. Lastly, we predicted the spatial distribution changes of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. using the temperature increase scenario and the Geographic Information System (GIS) based forest type map. We could predict that Pinus densiflora is more vulnerable than Quercus spp. to climate change so that the habitats of Pinus densiflora will be gradually changed to the habitats of Quercus spp. in eastern coastal and southern regions of Korea after 60 years.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.767-775
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• 2008

Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) plays a major role in thermogenesis at brown adipose tissues and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of A-3826G polymorphism in 117 Korean prepubertal children aged 8-11 years olds. Anthropometry by bioelectrical impedance analysis method, plasma lipid profiles by auto-biochemical analyzer and UCP-1 genotyping by PCR-RFLP were done. The frequencies of UCP-1 genotypes were AA; 17.7%, AG; 57.8%, GG; 26.6%. The frequencies of each G allele (55.5%) was similar to Japanese's (49%) and higher than Caucacian's (25%). No correlation UCP-1 polymorphism and BMI (kg/$m^2$) or the degree of obesity described by the relative percentiles of the standard weight according to height in prepubertal children. However, plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol were significantly increased in G allele when sex, age and weight were adjusted. Our results suggested that G allele of UCP-1 gene was stronger risk factors in hyperLDLcholesterolemia than A allele. This impact might be progressed as the precaution against the revalence of obesity based-metabolic disease.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.51-56
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• 2008

The waveform inversion for isotropic media has ever been studied since the 1980s, but there has been few studies for anisotropic media. We present a seismic waveform inversion algorithm for 2-D heterogeneous transversely isotropic structures. A cell-based finite difference algorithm for anisotropic media in time domain is adopted. The steepest descent during the non-linear iterative inversion approach is obtained by backpropagating residual errors using a reverse time migration technique. For scaling the gradient of a misfit function, we use the pseudo Hessian matrix which is assumed to neglect the zero-lag auto-correlation terms of impulse responses in the approximate Hessian matrix of the Gauss-Newton method. We demonstrate the use of these waveform inversion algorithm by applying them to a two layer model and the anisotropic Marmousi model data. With numerical examples, we show that it's difficult to converge to the true model when we assumed that anisotropic media are isotropic. Therefore, it is expected that our waveform inversion algorithm for anisotropic media is adequate to interpret real seismic exploration data.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.239-261
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• 2001

A large suite of official statistical data sets has been compiled for geographical units under the national directives, and it is the quantitative regional analysis procedures that could add values to them. This paper reports our attempts at prototyping a statistical GIS which is capable of serving over the Web a variety of regional analysis routines as well as value-added statistics and maps. A pilot database of some major statistical data was ingested for the city of Seoul. The baseline subset of regional analysis methods of practical usage was selected and accommodated into the business logic of the target system, which ranges from descriptive statistics, regional structure/inequality measures, spatial ANOVA, spatial (auto) correlation to regression and residual analysis. The leading-edge information technologies including the application server were adopted in the system design and implementation so that the database, analysis modules and analytic mapping components may cooperate seamlessly behind the Web front-end. The prototyped system supports tables, maps, and files of downloadable format for input and output of the analyses. One of the most salient features of out proposed system is that both the database and analysis modules are extensible via the bi-directional interface for end users; The system provides users with operators and parsers for algebraic formulae such that the stored statistical variables may be transformed and combined into the newly-derived set of variables. This functionality eventually leads to on-the-fly fabrication of user-defined regional analysis algorithms. The stored dataset may also be temporarily augmented by user-uploaded dataset; The extension of this form, in essence, results in a virtual database which awaits for users commands as usual. An initial evaluation of the proposed system confirms that the issues involving the usage and dissemination of information can be addressed with success.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to determine accurately the part of the tragus to be used to form the Ala-Tragal line or Camper's line in orthognathic profile patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 150 dentate subjects with age of 18-40 years with orthognathic profile were sampled. Life-size lateral digital photographs of the face with fox plane were taken in natural head position. Different angles between Eye-Ear plane and occlusal plane ($OT_1$-OP), Eye-Ear plane and ala-superior border of tragus ($OT_1-AT_1$), Eye-Ear plane and ala-middle border of tragus ($OT_1-AT_2$) and Eye-Ear plane and ala-inferior border of tragus ($OT_1-AT_3$) were calculated using computer software package, AutoCAD 2004. From the three angles formed by the Eye-ear plane ($OT_1$ or FH plane) and the ala-tragal lines, the one closest to the angle formed between Eye-Ear plane ($OT_1$) and occlusal plane (OP) was used to determine the occlusal plane of orientation. The obtained results were subjected to ANOVA F test, Tukey's Honestly significant difference test, followed by Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation test. P values of less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. RESULTS. The mean of base line angle i.e. $OT_1$-OP angle ($11.96{\pm}4.36$) was found to be close to $OT_1-AT_2$ angle ($13.67{\pm}1.93$) and $OT_1-AT_3$ angle ($10.31{\pm}2.03$), but $OT_1$-OP angle was found to be more closer to $OT_1-AT_3$ angle. Comparison of mean angles showed that $OT_1$-OP angle in both males (11.68) and females (12.51) is close to $OT_1-AT_3$ angle (males- 11.01, females- 11.95). CONCLUSION. The line joining from ala to the lower border of the tragus was parallel to the occlusal plane in 53.3% of the subjects. There was no influence of the sex on the level of occlusal plane.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2010

This paper tested the lead-lag relationship as well as the symmetric and asymmetric volatility spillover effects between international currency futures markets and cash markets. We use five kinds of currency spot and futures markets such as British pound, Australian and Canadian dollar, Brasilian Real and won/dollar spot and futures markets. daily closing prices covering from September 15, 2003 to July 30, 2009. For this purpose we employed dynamic time series models such as the Granger causality based on VAR and time-varying MA(1)-GJR-GARCH(1, 1)-M. The main empirical results are as follows; First, according to Granger causality test, we find that the bilateral lead-lag relationship between the five countries' currency spot and futures market. The price discover effect from currency futures markets to spot market is relatively stronger than that from currency spot to futures markets. Second, based on the time varying GARCH model, we find that there is a bilateral conditional mean spillover effects between the five currency spot and futures markets. Third, we also find that there is a bilateral asymmetric volatility spillover effects between British pound, Canadian dollar, Brasilian Real and won/dollar spot and futures market. However there is a unilateral asymmetric volatility spillover effect from Australian dollar futures to cash market, not vice versa. From these empirical results we infer that most of currency futures markets have a much better price discovery function than currency cash market and are inefficient to the information.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2007

It has been reported that Back-Tension played a significant role in archery (Lee & Bondit, 2005; Kim, 2007) but there are a few researches related Back-Tension in Korea recently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate archery back tension technique for the second ranked archer in the World and to find ways to improve performance. A subject(height: 185cm, mass: 82kg, years: 21yrs, careers: 12yrs) who is a number of national team and the second ranked archer in the World authorized by FITA (Federation Internationale de Trial Arc) was perticipated in this experiment. When shooting 60 shots($12{\times}5$), shooting motions were recorded with 7 infrared cameras and 2 ultrahigh-speed cameras. A QTM and an Auto Track were used to acquire raw data. The sampling rates of both cameras were 200 Hz. and 1000 Hz. respectively and data were filtered using a fourth order Butterworth low pass filtering with a cutoff-frequency of 30Hz. The parameters were calculated with Matlab6.5 and analyzed with SPSS11.0. After Pearson's correlations between 8 parameters were analyzed, 5 parameters from 13parameters that affected records were analyzed with multiple regression analysis (Enter order: x1, x2, x3, x4, x5). The results were as follows: 1. Comparing between parameters according to scores, the patterns of horizontal and vertical angular velocity(av.) of scapular relative angle was different between 8 score and 9 or 10 scores. 2. The correlations of parameters that affected records were a horizontal av.(x1, p=.032<.05) and a vertical av.(x3, p=.033<.05) of scapular from release to delivery in KB back-tension (anchoring-delivery). 3. The decision coefficients(R2) of above two parameters and three parameters selected by experts that may affect record, that is, an absolute trunk angle(x4) from in KKC back-tension (anchoring-release) and a horizontal relative scapular angle(x2) and an absolute trunk angle(x5) from release to delivery in KB back-tension were 7.7%(x1), 0.1%(x2), 8.5%(x3), 0.7%(x4) and 0.9%(x5) in sequence. 4. The multiple regression equation was a y= -1.16E-2 x1 + 0.109 x2 + 3.437E-2 x3 + 6.139E-2 x4 + 0.117 x5 + 3.420 In conclusion, a total contribution was low, that is, R2(17.9%) suggested that on the one hand, Lim's motion may not depend on a certain factor because his postural factors affected shooting motion are some stable on the other hand, unknown factors may exist(e.g. psychological, physiological factors etc.). Further study of EMG patterns of muscles and anatomic consideration related to shoulder girdle and scapular bones may help to identify mechanism of Back-Tension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 2008

The parameters of lens such as focal length, focus, and aperture stop changes while shooting the scenes with zoom lens. Especially, zooming action dramatically changes the geometry of lens system that causes significant change of lens model. We investigated how the lens model changes while zooming in general shooting condition. Each parameters of lens model was estimated and checked whether they can be modeled well in the condition of auto-controlling focus, aperture and vibration reduction. In order to do this, calibration images were taken, modeled in different fecal length setting. And changing patterns of models were inspected to find out if there is some elements that have some particular pattern in changing with respect to focal length. The result showed us that although we didn't control the focus and aperture setting, there's specific changing patterns in radial and do-centering distortion. Especially, the strong linear correlation was found between coefficient of $r^2$ and focal length. It is expected that many parts of distortion can be eliminated without additional self calibration even if zoom operation is done when shooting the scenes if we know its fecal length and model of this coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 1991

The anomalous sea level deviation or storm surge caused by the typhoon Thelma in 1987 are studied analysing tidal observation data at 7 stations in the south coast of Korean peninsula. The surges are calculated by subtracting the predicted tidal height from the observed tidal record. The tidal deviation at these stations along the coast are discussed in association with meteorological data. The sea level anomalies are studied by means of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and the fast fourier transform (FFT) method. The results of analysis suggest that the peak value of surges are higher at the tidal stations in semi-enclosed bay and in long narrow channel than at the ones facing with the open sea. From the result of EOF analysis, the temporal and spatial fluctuations of storm surge can be described by the first EOF mode, which explains 63% of the total variances during the passage of typhoon Thelma. The deviation of storm surge in the studied areas indicates bi-modal peak during the passage of typhoon Thelma. From the results of FFT spectrum analysis, the peak of energy of autospectrum for surge, atmospheric pressure, and wind stress appeared at low frequency fluctuations band of 0.008-0.076 cph over the 4 stations. Auto-correlation function of surge showed periodicity, while that of atmospheric pressure and wind stress indicates no periodicity. The result of FFT analysis shows that the typhoon surges are related chiefly with the change of atmospheric pressure in an open bay (Cheju Harbor), but with the wind stress in a semi-enclosed bay (Yeosu Harbor).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.2B
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• pp.163-171
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• 2009

Classical linear models have been generally used to analyze and forecast hydrologic time series. However, there is growing evidence of nonlinear structure in natural phenomena and hydrologic time series associated with their patterns and fluctuations. Therefore, the classical linear techniques for time series analysis and forecasting may not be appropriate for nonlinear processes. In recent, the BDS (Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman) statistic instead of conventional techniques has been used for detecting nonlinearity of time series. The BDS statistic was derived from the statistical properties of the correlation integral which is used to analyze chaotic system and has been effectively used for distinguishing nonlinear structure in dynamic system from random structures. DVS (Deterministic Versus Stochastic) algorithm has been used for detecting chaos and stochastic systems and for forecasting of chaotic system. This study showed the DVS algorithm can be also used for detecting nonlinearity of the time series. In this study, the stochastic and hydrologic time series are analyzed to detect their nonlinearity. The linear and nonlinear stochastic time series generated from ARMA and TAR (Threshold Auto Regressive) models, a daily streamflow at St. Johns river near Cocoa, Florida, USA and Great Salt Lake Volume (GSL) data, Utah, USA are analyzed, daily inflow series of Soyang dam and the results are compared. The results showed the BDS statistic is a powerful tool for distinguishing between linearity and nonlinearity of the time series and DVS plot can be also effectively used for distinguishing the nonlinearity of the time series.