• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2023

Objectives: Regression, while not a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been suggested to be a distinct subtype by previous studies. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prevalence and clinical differences between those with and without regression in children with ASD. Methods: This study includes data from toddlers and young children aged 2-7 years acquired from other projects at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The presence and characteristics of regression were explored using question items #11-28 from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used to compare various clinical measurements such as autistic symptoms, adaptative behavior, intelligence, and perinatal factors. Results: Data from 1438 young children (1020 with ASD) were analyzed. The overall prevalence rate of regression, which was mainly related to language-related skills, was 10.2% in the ASD group, with an onset age of 24 months. Regarding clinical characteristics, patients with ASD and regression experienced ASD symptoms, especially restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors, with greater severity than those without regression. Furthermore, there were significant associations between regression and hypertension/placenta previa. Conclusion: In-depth surveillance and proactive interventions targeted at young children with ASD and regression should focus on autistic symptoms and other areas of functioning.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.192-197
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence and characteristics of savant skills and the relationship between the savant skills and autistic symptoms in Korean ASD children. Methods: 141 ASD subjects participated in this study and they were divided in to two groups based on the presence or lack of savant skills. The domain scores and total scores of the K-ADI-R, K-ASDS and SRS were used for evaluating the ASD symptoms between the groups. Results: Memory (N=47) was the most prevalent savant skill in the savant ASD group (N=60). The savant ASD group had a statistically higher mean age and IQ score than did the nonsavant ASD group. Despite their high IQ profile, the savant ASD group showed a higher restricted, repetitive and stereotype behavior score on the K-ADI-R and higher language and cognitive scores on the K-ASDS than did the nonsavant ASD group. Conclusions: These results suggest savant syndrome in ASD might be related to the severity of some subdomain of autistic symptoms even though their IQ scores were higher than nonsavant ASD patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

In patients with a language developmental delay, it is necessary to make a differential diagnosis for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), specific language impairment, and mental retardation. It is important that pediatricians recognize the signs and symptoms of ASDs, as many patients with language developmental delays are ultimately diagnosed with ASDs. Pediatricians play an important role in the early recognition of ASDs, because they are usually the first point of contact for children with ASDs. A revision of the diagnostic criteria of ASDs was proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) that was released in May 2013. The autism spectrum describes a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the fifth edition of the DSM. The new diagnostic criteria encompasses previous elements from the diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. An additional change to the DSM includes synthesizing the section on social and communication deficits into one domain. In ASD patients, the appropriate behavioral therapies and rehabilitation treatments significantly affect the prognosis. Therefore, this makes early diagnosis and treatment very important. In conclusion, pediatricians need to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASDs and be attentive to them in order to make an early diagnosis and provide treatment.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.581-586
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• 2023

최근 자폐 스펙트럼 장애가 있는 변호사를 주인공으로 하는 TV 드라마가 많은 화제를 불러일으키면서 그 영향으로 자폐 스펙트럼 장애인이 겪는 어려움에 관한 관심도 높아졌다. 자폐 스펙트럼은 조기에 발견해 교육과 치료를 제대로 받으면 예후를 좋게 할 수 있어 그 치료제 개발이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 현재 자폐 스펙트럼 치료에 사용되는 약물은 부작용이 있는 경우가 많아, 그에 비해 부작용이 없고 대량 공급이 가능한 디지털 치료제가 주목받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 자폐 스펙트럼을 가진 영유아를 위한 감정 및 표정 학습을 제공하는 애플리케이션이자 디지털 치료제인 '아이모션(AEmotion)'을 소개한다. 본 시스템은 훈련에 대한 흥미를 높이고 손쉬운 적용 테스트를 위해, 스마트폰용 애플리케이션으로 개발되었다. 머신 러닝 기법을 활용하는 본 시스템은 표정 카드를 통해 감정을 학습하는 '감정 학습' 단계, 감정과 표정을 잘 이해했는지 확인하는 '감정 식별' 단계, 그리고 감정과 알맞은 표정을 짓는 '표정 훈련' 단계 등 총 3단계로 이루어져 있다. 이 시스템을 통해, 표정 인식과 감정처리가 익숙하지 않아 사회적 상호작용이 어려운 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 아동들의 표정 훈련 및 치료에 효과가 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBI) and autistic symptoms in Korean high functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and to examine the structure of RRBI. Methods : Participants included 147 high functioning ASD subjects and 181 unaffected siblings. ASD subjects were divided into two groups based on the presence of RRBI. The domain scores of the Korean version of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (K-ADI-R), Korean version of Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale and total scores of Korean translated version of Social Responsiveness Scale, Korean version of Social Communication Scale were used for comparison of ASD symptoms between the groups. Eleven items from the RRBI domain of the K-ADI-R were used in principal axis factor analysis (PAF). Results : A statistically lower nonverbal IQ score was observed for ASD with RRBI than for ASD without RRBIs, and more social deficit, communication deficit, and behavioral and emotional problems were observed for ASD with RRBI compared to ASD without RRBI. Using PAF, two distinct factors were identified. 'Resistance to trivial changes in environment', 'Difficulty with minor changes in personal routine & environment', and 'Compulsion/ritual' were included as one factor. Conclusion : Analysis of the data suggests that the presence of RRBI in high functioning ASD is associated with a more severe presentation of autistic disorder. In addition, there appears to be heterogeneity within RRBI in autism except insistence on sameness.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2020

Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social impairments, patients with ASD frequently manifest atypical sensory behaviors. Recently, atypical sensory perception in ASD has received much attention, yet little is known about its cause or neurobiology. Herein, we review the findings from neuroimaging studies related to visual perception in ASD. Specifically, we examined the neural underpinnings of visual detection, motion perception, and face processing in ASD. Results from neuroimaging studies indicate that atypical visual perception in ASD may be influenced by attention or higher order cognitive mechanisms, and atypical face perception may be affected by disrupted social brain network. However, there is considerable evidence for atypical early visual processing in ASD. It is likely that visual perceptual abnormalities are independent of deficits of social functions or cognition. Importantly, atypical visual perception in ASD may enhance difficulties in dealing with complex and subtle social stimuli, or improve outstanding abilities in certain fields in individuals with Savant syndrome. Thus, future research is required to elucidate the characteristics and neurobiology of autistic visual perception to effectively apply these findings in the interventions of ASD.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 텔레프레젠스 로봇을 이용한 자기결정 경험의 증대가 자폐범주성 장애유아의 행동(참여, 선택 및 선호표현)에 미치는 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법은 2명의 연구 참여 아동이 오전 자유놀이시간을 활용하여 주 2회, 19회기 15분에서 40분씩 텔레프레즌스 로봇과의 활동을 하는 것이다. 실험설계는 AB설계이다. 활동이 아동의 행동에 미치는 효과를 살펴보기 위해 오후의 자유놀이 시간과 작업시간을 이용하여 이들의 행동을 관찰하고 모든 과정을 녹화하였다. 그리고 모든 자료는 빈도관찰기록법으로 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 자유놀이 시간에서의 자폐범주성 장애유아의 참여도가 증가하였다. 둘째, 작업시간에서의 자폐범주성 장애유아의 선택하기 및 선호표현하기 행동이 증가하였다. 이 연구는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애 아동의 텔레프레즌스 로봇 이용 활동을 통한 자기 결정 경험의 증가가 그들의 참여도를 높이고 선택 또는 선호 행동을 증가 시킨다는 것을 시사한다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to achieve a vision for autistic children and their parents aimed at generating interest in ideas such as "Sanitas Per Aquam" (SPA), massage and music therapy, which has begun to have widespread use and to attract attention. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out with autistic children and their parents from February to April 2015 in $Mu{\breve{g}}la$, Turkey. The study was began by interviewing experts in the field and by developing a suitable assessment questionnaire. In order to direct the flow of conversation between the researchers and the autisitc children and their parents, the researchers conducted semi-structured face to face interviews in a form that had been determined by using reports in the literature and the opinions of experts in the field. Results: Forty two boys (84%) and eight girls (16%) with autism participated in our study. Children in the 0 - 7 age group spent long time in the bathroom (P = 0.001). Boys liked to be hugged more than girls (P = 0.01). Children ages 0 - 7 years liked bright lighting while those 15 years of age and older liked gloomy lighting (P = 0.009). Except for these statistically significant sex- and age-related differences, no other statistically significant differences were noted in the parameters of this study. Although the result was not statistically significant, more children with mild autism disorder obeyed commands like inhale or exhale (P = 0.051). Conclusion: Treatment for autism spectrum disorders is not yet fully possible, so many studies are being done to alleviate some symptoms and to improve the quality of life for individuals with autism and their families. As a result of our study, whether touching the areas the children want touched and listening to their favorite music are required to stimulate the brain remain as questions in our minds.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2023

For the future prosperity of any society, the sound growth of children is essential. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurobehavioral disorder which has an impact on social interaction of autistic child and has an undesirable effect on his learning, speaking, and responding skills. These children have over or under sensitivity issues of touching, smelling, and hearing. Its symptoms usually appear in the child of 4- to 11-year-old but parents did not pay attention to it and could not detect it at early stages. The process to diagnose in recent time is clinical sessions that are very time consuming and expensive. To complement the conventional method, machine learning techniques are being used. In this way, it improves the required time and precision for diagnosis. We have applied TFLite model on image based dataset to predict the autism based on facial features of child. Afterwards, various machine learning techniques were trained that includes Logistic Regression, KNN, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Random Forest and Multi-Layer Perceptron using Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) dataset to improve the accuracy of the ASD detection. On image based dataset, TFLite model shows 80% accuracy and based on AQ dataset, we have achieved 100% accuracy from Logistic Regression and MLP models.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2006

The effects of the Attachment Promotion Therapy (APT) program for the autistic children were reviewed by 8 papers. The program was consisted with play activity centered mother-child interaction, educational activity for parents, lecture, video-feedback, and support. APT program was effective to improve the attachment behaviors and attachment security. And the mother's behaviors to her child became more child-centered, positively responsive, expressive supportively. Ninety six point seven percent of the mothers were satisfied with the APT program. They described that it was helpful to understand their children's developmental limitation and strength, to learn how to play with their children, to make supportive social network among the mothers, to minimize familial conflicts, and to make them much more comfortable with their children. They thought the APT Program was to be a steppingstone of the further educational program. APT program is an effective early intervention to promote social development and decrease autistic problems.