• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7753-7756
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• 2014

Incidence trends of head and neck cancer (HNC) have implications for screening strategies, disease management, guiding health policy making, and are needed to further oral cancer research. This paper aims to describe trends in age-adjusted HNC incidence rates focusing on changes across calendar period between 2007 and 2010 in Australian Northern Territory. Age-adjusted incidence rates of HNC were calculated for 2007-2010 using Northern Territory population based data assembled by Department of Health, Northern Territory Government of Australia. Changes in the HNC rate ratio (RR) and Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) between 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were calculated. A total of 171 HNC patients were recorded by the Northern Territory Department of Health during the time period between 2007 and 2010, out of which, 135 were males (78.9% of male HNC patients) and 36 were females (21.1% of female HNC patients). In conclusion, HNC incidence rate has decreased in the Northern Territory Australian males but remains unchanged in Australian females. High incidences of HNC may be associated with the high smoking rate and high alcohol consumption in the Northern Territory. Continued monitoring of trends in HNC incidence rates is crucial to inform Northern Territory based cancer prevention strategies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.262-266
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• 2007

This study was carried out to compare the taste and nutrient characteristics of Hanwoo chilled sirloin and rump with Australian beef sirloin and rump. Vitamin A, vitamin E and cholesterol were highest in Hanwoo among the three breeds (p<0.05). With regard to hexane composition, the percentage of inosine monophosphate (IMP) was the highest in Hanwoo. In addition, the sensory scores were also highest from Hanwoo. These results indicated from Hanwoo had the most acceptable quality among the five breeds tested (vitamin A, vitamin E, cholesterol, hexane, and sensory test).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5567-5577
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• 2013

The prevalence of oral cancers (OC) is high in Asian countries, especially in South and Southeast Asia. Asian distinct cultural practices such as betel-quid chewing, and varying patterns of tobacco and alcohol use are important risk factors that predispose to cancer of the oral cavity. The aim of this review is to provide an update on epidemiology of OC between 2000 and 2012. A literature search for this review was conducted on Medline for articles on OC from Asian countries. Some of the articles were also hand searched using Google. High incidence rates were reported from developing nations like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Sri Lanka. While an increasing trend has been observed in Pakistan, Taiwan and Thailand, a decreasing trend is seen in Philippines and Sri Lanka. The mean age of occurrence of cancer in different parts of oral cavity is usually between 51-55 years in most countries. The tongue is the leading site among oral cancers in India. The next most common sites in Asian countries include the buccal mucosa and gingiva. The 5 year survival rate has been low for OC, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol are the main reasons for the increasing incidence rates. Low socioeconomic status and diet low in nutritional value lacking vegetables and fruits contribute towards the risk. In addition, viral infections, such as HPV and poor oral hygiene, are other important risk factors. Hence, it is important to control OC by screening for early diagnosis and controlling tobacco and alcohol use. It is also necessary to have cancer surveillance at the national-level to collect and utilise data for cancer prevention and control programs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.638-642
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• 2004

In Australia, many cropping areas are affected by salt. In these regions, Chenopodiaceous plants, such as Atriplex, Kochia and Bassia spp have been planted to improve soil conditions. These plants have become invaluable feed resources for grazing animals in dry summers, but have a high sodium content. To assess the impact of high salt intake on grazing deer, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment used 30 fallow weaner deer to examine the effect of salt level in the diet on feed intake, water intake and body weight of fallow deer. Salt was added to lucerne chaff at 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6% and fresh water was offered all the time. Increasing the salt level in the diet from 0 to 6% didn't affect feed intake, osmotic pressure and mineral concentration in blood of fallow deer. However, water intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in deer fed diets containing more than 3% salt. Body weight was lower (p${\leq}$0.056) for fallow deer in July and August when salt content was over 3%, suggesting they can ingest over 15 g sodium/day without significant depression in both feed intake and growth rate if the fresh water is available. In the second experiment, 18 red weaner deer were fed lucerne chaff diets containing 1.5, 4.5 and 6.0% salt with 6 deer/diet. The results revealed that feed intake and blood osmotic pressure were similar (p>0.05) for red deer fed different levels of salt although the feed intake declined from 1.91 to 1.67 kg with the increase of salt level from 1.5% to 6.0% in the diet. Water intake was significantly higher for deer fed diets containing over 4.5% salt, but there was no difference in body weight during the experiment. However, no recommendation can be made on the salt tolerance of red deer due to limited increment of salt level in the diet.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.355-375
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• 2007

This study explores the geographic characteristics of ecotour resources in Oceania based on the concept of ecotourism along with global education and investigates the global educational applications of eco-resources through a field survey of the Australian Cairns region. The field survey areas are the Green Island within the Great Barrier Reef, Barron Gorge National Park, the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary in Cairns, and the Tjabukai Aboriginal Cultural Park. This case study of the Cairns region is applicable to global education in these aspects: The underwater Observatory and Glass bottom boat in Green Island is used in efficient exploration of ocean ecology; Barron Gorge National Park provides an excellent forest tour with a well-made track, detailed directory, and trained park rangers; the old industrial trains are being recycled for tourism uses; the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary provides various language interpretations and experts to help further visitor's understanding of the surrounding eco-resources; The Aboriginal Cultural Park also utilizes a special program that helps people understand their culture.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.299-303
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• 1999

In this paper, to investigate the deinkability of domestic and Australian old newsprint according to aging time, two types of newsprint printed with commercial offset ink in domestic(K; Korean newsprint, C; Canadian newsprint), Japanase(J) and Australian(A) old newsprint were aged naturally for 10, 30, 90, 180 days, and then yield, brightness, fiber length, and physical properties (tensile index, tear index, burst index) were evaluated according to aging time. As the aging time increased, the yield and brightness of respective samples decreased. The brightness and yield were decreased in the order of A, K, J and C. The brightness and strength of newsprint varied according to the ink formulation and kinds of pulp and wood. The decreasing order of strength is subsequently J, K, C and A.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.367-371
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• 1998

The characteristics of four samples of noodle flours milled from Australian Standard White(ASW) wheat were compared with one sample of noodle flour prepared from a blend of hard red winter(HRW) and western white(WW) American wheats. The ASW flours had lower content of protein and ash. Farinograms revealed that the absorption of the ASW flours was slightly higher than that of the HRW-WW flour. The mixing time, however, showed no difference between ASW flours and HRW-WW flour. The stability and the mechanical tolerance index were different among ASW flours, which were lower than HRW-WW flour. The ratios of resistance to extention determined by extensigraph for ASW flours were higher except one flour than HRW-WW flour. The flours showed characteristic mean particle sizes, which may reflect the differences in hardness of wheat used in the flour production. Farinograph indices showed no correlations with protein content and extensigraph indices. The amylograph peak viscosity was inversely correlated with the protein content (p<0.05).

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Available data on the recent global financial crisis (GFC) show that it lasted between the second quarter (Q2) of 2007 and the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2009. Australia is one of the first economies to fully recover from this crisis. This study explorles the role played by the Australian construction industry in stimulating economic growth during the recession. In order to investigate the macro-variability trend during the financial crisis, data were collected and analysed relating to the quarterly GDP of Australia and selected countries between Q1 2000 and Q4 2009. Specifically, changes in the construction industry's GDP were compared with aggregate GDP changes in Australian economy and similar indices in the 'Group of 7' (G7) countries and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Moreover, specific attention was focused on Germany, France, Japan, United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK). Graphical and Pearson's correlation methods were used to analyse the relationships between changes in construction GDP and Australia's overall economic growth during the recession. In addition, an attempt was made to develop a regression model for predicting economic growth during the recent recession using changes in gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), changes in construction GDP and the impact of these changes on national economy. Analysis shows a slight contraction in construction activities during the crisis; however construction triggered significant growth in the economy during the crisis period and afterwards. This appears to be the major difference between Australia and other major economies that have experienced a longer recession.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.61-75
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• 2016

Climate changes brought on by human interventions have proved to be more devastating than predicted during the recent decades. Recognition of seriousness of the situation has led regulatory organisations to impose strict targets on allowable carbon dioxide emissions from automotive vehicles. As a possible solution, it has been proposed that Fibre Metal Laminate (FML) system is used to reduce the weight of future vehicles. To facilitate this investigation, FML based on steel and self-reinforced polypropylene was stamp formed into dome shapes under different blank holder forces (BHFs) at room temperature and its forming behaviour analysed. An open-die configuration was used in a hydraulic press so that a 3D photogrammetric measurement system (ARAMIS) could capture real-time surface strains. This paper presents findings on strain evolutions at different points along and at $45^{\circ}$ to fibre directions of circular FML blank, through various stages of forming. It was found initiation and rate of deformation varied with distance from the pole, that the mode of deformations range from biaxial stretching at the pole to drawing towards flange region, at decreasing magnitudes away from the pole in general. More uniform strain distribution was observed for the FML compared to that of plain steel and the most significant effects of BHF were its influence on forming depth and level of strain reached before failure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.585-594
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• 2019

In-situ leaching could be one of the promising mining methods to extract the minerals from deep fractured rock mass. Constrained by the low permeability at depth, however, the performance does not meet the expectation. In fact, the rock mass permeability mainly depends on the pre-existing natural fractures and therefore play a crucial role in in-situ leaching performance. More importantly, fractures have various characteristics, such as aperture, persistence, and density, which have diverse contributions to the promising method. Hence, it is necessary to study the variation of fluid rate versus fracture parameters to enhance in-situ leaching performance. Firstly, the subsurface fractures from the depth of 1500m to 2500m were mapped using the discrete fracture network (DFN) in this paper, and then the numerical model was calibrated at a particular case. On this basis, the fluid flow through fractured rock mass with various fracture characteristics was analyzed. The simulation results showed that with the increase of Fisher' K value, which determine the fracture orientation, the flow rate firstly decreased and then increased. Subsequently, as another critical factor affecting the fluid flow in natural fractures, the fracture transmissivity has a direct relationship with the flow rate. Sensitive study shows that natural fracture characteristics play a critical role in in-situ leaching performance.