• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 1994

Objectives: To examine a defect in inhibitory gating of auditory evoked response in schizophrenics, to compare P3 latency and amplitude in negative and positive schizophrenics, and to assess the association of P3 with family history of the psychiatric disorders, electroconvulsive therapy, and clinical features. Methods: 54 schizophrenics(male 31, female 23) and 75 controls(male 33, female 42) were tested with event-related potential paradigm designed to elicit P3 response and Frankfurter Beschwerde Fragebogen. Results: In schizophrenics, the latency of P3 was significantly more delayed and the amplitude of P3 was significantly more reduced than in the controls. Significant differences in P3 latency and amplitude between negative and positive schizophrenics were not found. And significant difference in the P3 latency and amplitude between schizophrenics with family histories of psychiatric disorder and those without family histories of psychiatric disorder was not found also. The P3 latency and amplitude was not significantly related with electroconvulsive therapy and other clinical features such as age, duration of illness, onset of inllness, number of admission, and doses of antipsychotics etc. Conclusion: These results suggested that schizophrenics had a dysfunction in the process of selective attention and that P3 was not significantly related with family history of the psychiatric disorders, positive and negative symptoms, electro1convulsive therapy, and clinical features in schizophrenics.

• MALSORI
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• no.21_24
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• pp.43-89
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• 1992

In this thesis, the prominent aspect of word accent in standard Korean is studied by auditory test and acoustic analysis experiment. The definition of 'accent' is, following Hoyoung Lee's discussion(1990), to be described as 'the means whereby a focused part of an utterance is made to stand out in order to concentrate the hearer's attention on it.' That is to say, the ten of 'accent' may be described in terms of phonological phenomenon and the accented syllable can be phonetically prominent as the result of those phonological process. Prosodic features may have different characteristics in different languages whether they contain linguistically important functions or not. Thus the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean will be determined as the content and trait of prosodic features. Following this viewpoint, present study looked over prosodic features which may effect the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean, through systematic experimental procedure. And the result of this experiment has been verified by statistical method, the T-test, for the purpose of identifying the relatedness among prosodic features(parameters). This thesis, therefore, aimed to investigate the intrinsic acoustic and physical qualities of the word accent in standard Korean. Nonsense words composed by 'mal' and 'ma' which can be divided into 'heavy syllable' and 'light syllable' quoted from Hyman(1975) have been classified into 28 types with respect to syllable numbers(2 syl., 3 sy1., 4 syl.) and these words have become the target of auditory test and acoustic experiment. As the result of those experimental Procedures, the word accent in standard Korean may be said that it has a tendency of fixing first two syllables regardless of syllable numbers. The syllable types of HH, HL, LL in the first two syllables may be prominent at first syllable and the type of H may be at second syllable. Various prosodic features(parameters) including duration, intensity, and Fo(purely phonetic terms) were also strengthened in those positions. The result of this experiment can be cleared up like these : 1. The most important feature is proved as 'duration', the feature of intensity resulted in more subsidiary one than the feature of duration. 2. Fo( fundamental frequency) could be observed as having some coherent contour through almost all syllable types(99 ％), that is, in 2 syllable types, it had rising contour, in 2 syllable types, rising-falling contour, and in 4 syllable types, it contained rising-falling-rising contour. The result of auditory test was different with those contour forms of all Fo surveyed. With respect to these results, the discuss for Fo is determined' to be excluded comparing other features. 3. Finally, this thesis resulted in a decision that the word accent in standard Korean may has fixed(somewhat weaker) accent, especially fixed at first two syllables in almost all words. 4. Various kinds of syllable types related with 2,3,4 syllables, therefore, can be reclassified into 4 types of HH, HL, LH, LL following the concept of accent fixing placement(i.e. first two syllables). In these 4 types, the types of HH, HL, LL were prominent at the position of the first syllable , and the type of LH was prominent at the second syllable otherwise.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2008

In this paper, we designed and implemented edutainment platform that can be effectively applied to developmental disabilities for their education and treatment of sensibility and intelligence training. We developed embedded hardware and contents authoring tool to make multimedia contents operated on the hardware, a management tool to provide result of training, and a real-time monitoring tool for observing the state of study. The hardware is designed by considering the characteristics of developmental disabilities and provides visual, auditory and tactile sense to assist sensibility training for their attention. User-friendly and easy-to-use authoring tool enable teachers and non-specialist to make educational contents. Also the real-time monitoring tool make us to observe user's status even in the outside of classroom. The management tool stores result of training and make us to review the result for further steps. Using this edutainment platform, efficient repetitive training is possible without restriction of time and location. Also when it applied to practical education, we can recognize that our system is effective on improving the ability of attention and studying.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.94-101
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• 1998

This paper presents the psychoacoustic analyses on the vehicle interior, noise generated when accelerating. Following the objective quantification for vehicle noises of different classes, the subjective decision process by the jury test is adopted to interrelate these results based on two different approaches. In particular, the paired comparison method is employed in assessing the sound quality in terms of the quietness, the powerfulness, and the pleasantness of the human auditory sensation. Special attention is paid to the physical interpretation of psychoacoutic parameters and their interrelation to the subjective assessment scores. In order to ensure the integrity of statistics of the survey, various tests are performed. The results show that the consistency of the "quiet" sensation is far higher than that of the "powerful" and the "pleasant" sensations. Also, it is found that the most significant parameter determining these feelings turns out to be the inherent loudness of the noise instead of the conventional indicators such as the weighted sound pressure level. It may be concluded that the psychoacoustic analysis offers more realistic evaluation for vehicle noise and assists the improvement of NVH more efficiently.ement of NVH more efficiently.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in contact sports on neurocognitive scores, dual-task walking velocity, and cognitive costs in retired athletes. Method: Forty-four retired athletes (mean age = 26.4±5.5 yrs) and thirty-eight controls (mean age = 26.1±4.9 yrs) participated in this study. Neurocognitive score was collected using computerized neurocognitive testing using RehaCom. Gait velocity was collected one single task, four dual-tasks, and two multi-tasks using Optogait. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compared differences in cognitive scores among groups. A mixed-design two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc test were used to assess the effect of group and walking tasks for each condition. Results: The auditory divided attention of neurocognitive score of retired athletes was higher than the control group (p < 0.05). No statistical differences were observed in the other neurocognitive scores between groups. The changes in walking velocity and cognitive costs according to the dual-task walking tests differed between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although participation in contact sports did not affect the neurocognitive results of retired athletes, it could be confirmed that the reduction in walking velocity and an increase in cognitive costs during dual-task walking. Rather than observing only neurocognitive scores as a single evaluation item for cognitive evaluation of retired athletes in relation to daily life, the application of the dual-task gait test may provide useful information.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

The current study explored how Korean-speaking children processed the multiple acoustic cues (VOT and f0) for the stop laryngeal contrast (/t'/, /t/, and /$t^h$/) and examined whether individual perceptual strategies could be related to a general cognitive ability performing executive functions (EF). 15 children (aged from 7 to 8) participated in the speech perception task identifying the three Korean laryngeal stops (3AFC) on listening to the auditory stimuli of C-/a/ with synthetically varying VOT and f0. They completed a series of EF tasks to measure working memory, inhibition, and cognitive shifting ability. The findings showed that children used the two cues in a highly correlated manner. While children utilized VOT consistently for the three laryngeal categories, their use of f0 was either reduced or enhanced depending on the phonetic categories. Importantly, the children's processing strategies of a f0 suppression for a tense-aspirated contrast were meaningfully associated with children's better cognitive abilities such as working memory, inhibition, and attentional shifting. As a preliminary experimental investigation, the current research demonstrated that listeners with inefficient processing strategies were poor at the EF skills, suggesting that cognitive skills might be responsible for developmental variations of processing sub-phonemic information for the linguistic contrast.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate audiometery and characteristics related to tinnitus in tinnitus patients, and to understand the relationship between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life. Methods: The subjects were 110 patients with tinnitus. The data were collected using tinnitus handicap questionnaire, quality of life, and pure tone audiometry, which measured hearing level in dB and frequency in Hz matching of tinnitus. Results: Majority of tinnitus patients (75.5%~81.8%) had normal auditory sensation. but 82.7% of patients indicated that they have heard tinnitus "frequently" or "always", and the major sounds of tinnitus were "wing, wung, wang". The matching sounds of tinnitus had various range in hearing level(dB) and frequency(Hz). Tinnitus patients reported moderate levels of the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life, and there were negative correlation between the discomfort of tinnitus and the quality of life(r=-.314, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that special attention is needed for tinnitus patients because the physical, psychological, and social impacts of tinnitus could be decrease their quality of life. Specialized nursing intervention considering specific conditions related to tinnitus is required to solve various health problems of tinnitus patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.211-215
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• 1999

It is well known that a long-term exposure to a loud noise environment affects performance, since it distracts attention, and also is able to evoke stress accompanied by negative emotional states. The purpose of this study was to analyze dynamics of subjective and physiological variables during long-lasting (30 min) exposure to intensive white noise (85 dB[A]). Physiological signals on 23 college students were recorded by BIOPAC, Grass Neurodata systems and AcqKnowledge 3.5 software. Autonomic variables, namely skin conductance level (SCL), non-specific SCR number (N-SCR), inter-beat intervals in ECG (RR intervals), heart rate variability index (HF/LF ratio of HRV), respiration rate (RESP), and skin temperature (SKT) were analyzed on 5 min epoch basis. Psychological assessment (subjective rating of stress level) was also repeated on every 5 min basis. Regression and correlation analyses were employed to trace the time course of the dynamics of the subjective and autonomic physiological variables and their relationship. Results showed that intense noise evokes subjective stress with associated autonomic nervous system responses. However, it was shown that physiological variables endure specific changes in the process of exposure to loud white noise. Discussed are probable psychophysiological mechanisms mediating reactivity to long-term auditory stimulation of high intensity.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2017

Listening effort is defined as a listener's mental exertion required to understand a speaker's auditory message, especially when distracting conditions are present. This review paper analyzed several subjective scaling tools used to measure the listening effort in order to suggest the best tool for use with hearing-impaired listeners who have to expend much effort even in everyday life. We first explained the importance of measuring listening effort and discussed various kinds of measurements. We then analyzed and categorized 15 recently published articles (i.e., from 2014 to 2016) into three topics: performance and listening effort, listening effort and fatigue, and clinical implication of listening effort. We compared the articles in terms of pros and cons and also identified 10 tools for use in the subjective scaling. Although none of these tools were unified or standardized easily, we concluded that 7-point scale would be the most reasonable as a less time-consuming measurement for compartmentalizing the degree of listening effort. If used with objective tools for measuring the listening effort, the subjective scaling could be a powerful tool for clinical use.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2014

Objectives : The goal of this study was to examine the association between zinc and lead level and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Korean children. Methods : A total of 89 clinic-referred children participated in the study (ADHD group=45, control group=44). The participants were 5-15 years old, and were mainly from urban areas of Seoul, Korea. ADHD was diagnosed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version. We excluded children with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, medical illness requiring medication, or a prior history of taking ADHD medication. In order to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms, parents' Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) was used. The ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) was used for evaluation of the severity of inattention and impulsivity. All participants completed the intelligence test and hair mineral analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of hair zinc and lead levels on the K-ARS and ADS. We measured the predictive ability of the zinc and lead levels using logistic regression analysis. Results : The lead level explained the score for omission errors, commission errors, and response time SD in visual ADS in the ADHD group (adjusted $R^2$=.243, p<.01, adjusted $R^2$=.362, p<.01, and adjusted $R^2$=.275, p<.01), the score for omission errors of auditory ADS in ADHD group (adjusted $R^2$=.407, p<.01) and the entire group (adjusted $R^2$=.292, p<.01). Zinc was significantly explanatory for the K-ARS scores for the entire group (adjusted $R^2$=.248, p<.001) and the ADHD group (adjusted $R^2$=.247, p<.05). Conclusion : These findings suggest a possible role of zinc and lead in ADHD. Lead concentration in hair samples affected the ADS scores, and this was more prominent in children with ADHD. Children with ADHD had a lower zinc concentration in their hair, and the zinc concentration in hair showed negative correlation with the K-ARS score.