• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.480-486
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• 2012

To evaluate of biological activity of Chambirum ($Amaranthus$ $lividus$) $in$ $vitro$ and $in$ $vivo$, we investigated the free radical scavenging activity of its extracts $in$ $vitro$ and the effect of lyophilized powder on the serum lipid profile of rats fed cholesterol. ABTS, DPPH, and NO radical scavenging activities were tested from water and 80% ethanol extracts of Chambirum, and biological activities of the ethanol extracts were significantly higher than the water extracts. The total lipid and total cholesterol content of serum, atherogenic index (AI), and cardiac risk factor (CRF) were decreased significantly for the groups fed with a 5% and 10% supplement of Chambirum powder (HCA1 and HCA2) in comparison with the group fed cholesterol (HC). Triglyceride content decreased drastically in the HCA2 group, while its content was not decreased in the other group. HDL-cholesterol content was elevated in the HCA1 and HCA2 groups, but was not significantly different to the supplemented amount of Chambirum powder. GPT and ${\gamma}$-GTP activities were decreased significantly in the groups fed with Chambirum powder compared to the HC group. And the content of the lipid peroxide level was the same trend. Therefore, these results give evidence that Chambirum might be useful in the control of induced disorders by dietary cholesterol and/or lipids.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2005

Background and purpose: Arterial stiffness is an important, independent determinant of cardiovascular risk. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been used as a valuable index of arterial stiffness and as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. The Framingham risk score was developed using categorized risk factors to predict the 10 year absolute risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). This algorithm is established using recommended guidelines for blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in addition to age, smoking history and history of diabetes. Tongxinluo(TXL) has been shown to have anti hyperlipidemic activity and anti atherogenic effects. To determine its efficacy and safety, we examined whether TXL improves PWV, ABI, Framingham score, blood pressure, and lipid profile in high risk group of cardiovascular diseases. Subjects and methods: 49 subjects with the high risk of cardiovascular diseases were recruited. Subjects were administered TXL with the dose of 1110mg three times a day for 8 weeks. baPWV, ABI, Framingham risk score, Blood pressure and serum lipid profile were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8weeks. Results: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid and phospolipid significantly decreased after 4 weeks of medication. Total cholesterol, total lipid and phospolipid significantly decreased after 8 weeks of medication. There were no significant changes in Framingham risk scores, ABI, PWV and blood pressure. On safety assessment, there were no adverse effects, hepatic or renal toxicity. Conclusion: We suggest that TXL is a safe and useful herbal medicine for hyperlipidemia and as for anti-atherognic effects, further research would be necessary.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2017

Objective: Growing evidence suggests that increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with female infertility caused by conditions such as polycystic ovarian disease, obesity, thyroid dysfunction, and endometriosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether any relationship exists between CVD and unexplained infertility. Methods: Sixty-five women with unexplained infertility and 65 fertile controls were enrolled in the study. CVD risk markers such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), insulin resistance (defined by the homeostasis model assessment ratio), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. Results: TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels were higher and HDL levels were lower in patients with unexplained infertility than in fertile controls (p<0.05 for all). Positive associations were found between unexplained infertility and TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels, and a negative correlation was found for HDL (p<0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TG, HDL, and hs-CRP were independent variables associated with unexplained infertility. Conclusion: Our study showed that women with unexplained infertility had an atherogenic lipid profile and elevated hs-CRP levels, suggesting a higher risk of developing CVD in the future. Further studies with larger groups are needed to investigate the nature of this link.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.65-65
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• 1995

Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein(CETP), a hydrophobic glycoprotein with molecular mass 74KDa, is a lipid transfer protein found in plasma which mediates the transfer of cholesterol ester and triglyceride between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and other lipoproteins, therefore, it might influence HDL levels. The lipoprotein profile associated with human CETP deficiency (that are two Japanese families, high HDL and low LDL) has low atherogenic potential, raising the possibility that CETP inhibitors can be used as antiatherosclerotic drugs.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.200-202
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• 1999

The effectsof garlic vinegar supplementation on body weight, blood blucose, and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were investigated in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats fed high-cholesterol(1%) diet for 4 wk. The garlic vinegar was made by fermenting 20% frsh garlic juice. There was no effect of garlic vinegar on body weight, plasma glucose or triglyceride concentrations in the diabetic rats. Plasma total -cholesterol concentrations were unaffected by garlic vinegarr supplementation. However, plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the diabetic rats supplemented with garlic vinegar diet than tin the cotnrol rats. The diabetic-rats supplemented with garlic vinegar not only had increased HDL-cholesterol levels but had decreased LDL-cholesterol. This alteration in the HDL/LDL-cholesterol ratio in the diabetic rats may decrease the risk of atheroscelrosis. Therefore, the over-all effect of garlic vinegar supplement may contribute to the antiatherogenic role in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.949-958
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the association of age, nutrient intake, alcohol drinking and smoking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in 100 healthy adults (54 males and 46 females). The serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.05), apolipoprotein B (Apo B) levels, LDL-C:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, Apo B:apolipoprotein(Apo A-I) ratio and atherogenic index (AI) (p<0.001) were significantly higher in males than females, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower (p<0.01) in males than females. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration had no difference in both genders. Most of nutrient intakes except Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$ were higher than RI (Recommended intake) in both males and females. The meal frequency per day was significantly higher (p<0.01) in males than females, while meal speed, the heaviest meal, meal quantity and meal regularity had no significant differences. The rates of drinking and smoking were significantly higher (p<0.01) in males (59.3%, 37.2%) than females (17.3%, 6.9%). The age was positively correlated with triglyceride level in males (p<0.05), and with total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), Apo B (p<0.01), LDL-C:HDL-C ratio (p<0.01), Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) and AI (p<0.01) in females. The levels of serum lipid and apolipoprotein were more correlated with protein intake than other macronutrient intakes in males, while those in females were more correlated energy, carbohydrate and lipid intakes than protein intake. The effect of drinking on serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels was bigger in males than females, while the effect of smoking on those was bigger in females than males. The plasma ascorbic acid concentration was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), Apo A-I levels (p<0.001), whereas negatively correlated with Apo B:Apo A-I ratio (p<0.05) in males. And that was positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05) in females. These results suggest that moderate macronutrient intake, less alcohol consumption and non-smoking were necessary to maintain healthy lipid profile with aging in adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2008

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of red-yeast-rice supplementation on cholesterol-lowering and glucose control in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We conducted a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study with 3 groups; placebo, low dose group (red yeast rice 210.0mg/capsule, 2.52g/day) and high dose group (red yeast rice 420.0mg/capsule, 5.04g/day), which were randomly assigned to subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. We measured fasting serum concentrations of total-, LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA) and 2 h oral glucose tolerence test (OGTT) before and after the supplementation. Both low dose and high dose groups had significant decrease in LDL cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Additionally, total and HDL cholesterol improved significantly in high dose group compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Fasting serum glucose decreased in test groups and increased in placebo group after intervention. However, it was not significant differences. In subjects which fasting blood glucose is more than 110mg/dL, fasting glucose had a tendency to decrease in high dose group (p<0.1) and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) had significant decrease in low dose group (p<0.05), while insulin and HOMA-IR had a tendency to increase in placebo group after intervention. Mean changes of glucose related parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) compared with placebo group did not show significant differences. In conclusion, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance were significantly improved in serum lipid profile by red yeast rice supplementation without serious side effects. These are more effective in the case of a high dose. The effects of red yeast rice supplementation on glucose control were insignificant.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of rice embryo and embryo jelly with black rice bran pigment on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity. Thirty 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high cholesterol diets supplemented with 15% rice embryo and 25% embryo jelly added black rice bran pigment, respectively, for 6 weeks. Plasma and hepatic lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of antioxidant scavenger enzymes in liver were examined. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly had no effect on food intakes in high cholesterol-fed rats. The plasma triglyceride concentration was not significantly different among the groups. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly resulted in lower plasma and hepatic total cholesterol (TC) concentration and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)/TC ratio and atherogenic index compared to the control group, while the plasma HDL-C concentration tended to elevated. Rice embryo and embryo jelly tended to lower plasma and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control group. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly higher in the rice embryo and embryo jelly groups. In conclusion, rice embryo and embryo jelly was very effective in improving the lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress by up-regulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high cholesterol-fed rats.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.493-500
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• 2005

There is some evidence that soy isoflavone has beneficial effects on the concentration of blood lipids. In this study, we investigated habitual isoflavone intake levels and the relation among dietary isoflavone intake, blood pressure, and blood lipids of adult men (n = 149) and women (n = 205). Anthropometric measurements including blood pressure, dietary in-take assessment using 24-hour recall method, and biochemical assessment using blood were conducted. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 54.7 years, 168.5 cm, 67.3 kg, and 24.5 $kg/m^2$ for men and 53.9 years, 153.8 cm, 59.2 kg, and 25.0 $kg/m^2$ for women, respectively. The mean daily intakes of total food and energy were 1219.1 g and 1740.9 kcal for men and 1071.3 g and 1432.6 kcal for women, respectively. The mean daily isoflavones (daidzein + genistein) intake of men and women were 20.0 mg and 14.2 mg, respectively. Blood pressure of the subjects was 128.3/75.5 mmHg for men and 124.1/73.7 mmHg for women. Serum lipids of men and women were 180.2 and 184.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 160.8 and 137.6 mg/dL for triglyceride, 41.5 and 44.7 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 106.6 and 112.7 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.3 for atherogenic index, respectively. Serum triglyceride and atherogenic index of men were significantly higher than those of women. In men, isoflavone intake and the level of total serum cholesterol were negatively (p < 0.05) correlated, after adjusted age. In women, there were significant correlations between isoflavone intake and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), after adjusted age (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that higher isoflavone intake seemed to be related to a better lipid profile in men and lower blood pressure in women. But more epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials would help to confirm the optimal amount required for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2005

Dietary effect of soyfiber beni-koji (SBK) with chitosan-ascorbate (CA) on the level of serum lipids in rats fed a high fat diet was investigated The experimental groups which were divided into high fat diet control group(HC-group), $2\%\;SBK+0.1\%$ CA mixture diet group(CA1-group), $2\%\;SBK+0.15\%$ CA mixture diet group(CA2-group), and $2\%\;SBK+0.2\%$ CA mixture diet group (CA2-group) were fed for 4 weeks. Weight gains in CA2- and CA3-group were $5.3\%\;and\;9.5\%$ lower than that of HC-group, respectively, while there was no significant difference in feed intakes, feed efficiency ratio and organs weight Level of serum triglyceride in $C_3-group\;was\;21\%$ lower than that of HC-group. Level of serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in CA2- and CA3-group were $22.1\~22.7\%\;and\;58.6\~64.3\%$ lower than those of HC-group, respectively. Atherogenic index decreased with the higher level of CA. Level of lipid peroxide in CA3-group was $24\%$ lower than that of HC-group, while there was no significant difference in GSH(Glutathione-S-transferase) content O type activities of XOD(xanthine oxidase) in the treated groups were lower, especially the activity in CA3-group was $51.6\%$ lower than that of HC-group. Also, O/T ratio of XOD was lower, showing $21.7\~23.5\%$ in treated groups and $34.0\%$ in HC-group(p<0.05). GST activities were 332.52 units in HC-group and $350.28\~355.63$ units in the treated groups, but there were no significant differences among them.