• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2008

We experimentally investigated effects of four concentrations (4, 6, 8, and 10%) each of dietary Spirulina and Chiorella, as well as four concentrations of dietary astaxanthin (40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm in Carophyll Pink), on the body color of red- and white-colored carp, Cyprinus carpio. The total carotenoid concentration in the skin tissue of the red parts of the carp fed dietary Spirulina, Chiorella, and astaxanthin increased up to the second week of the experiment but decreased thereafter. The redness value of the Spirulina-and Chiorella-treated fish decreased up to the sixth week of the experiment and increased thereafter. However, the redness value of the astaxanthin-treated fish consistently increased, beginning in the second week. Of the three agents tested, astaxanthin in Carophyll Pink was the most effective at enhancing the redness of both red- and white-colored carp. The redness value of the fish did not statistically differ among the various concentrations of astaxanthin. Therefore, dietary supplementation with 40ppm astaxanthin would be the most economical method for enhancing the redness of red- and white-colored carp fingerlings.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.220-223
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• 2002

This study investigated a lab-scale inducing method for efficient astaxanthin accumulation. As a model system. Haematococcus pluvialis was cultivated in 2 liter bubble-column photobioreactors. The astaxanthin - inducing results using high light irradiation were compared with that of the control experiment under standard irradiation (40 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$). After the late linear growth phase (> 20 days). high light energy (230 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$) was supplied to the culture broth for astaxanthin induction. As a result. the dr γ cell weight and the astaxanthin productivity were increased up to 68% and 215%, respectively. higher than those of the control experiment. This result indicates that bubble-column type photobioreactor is a good candidate for mass cultivation of H. pluvialis and high light irradiation is an efficient induction method for astaxanthin accumulation in lab-scale bubble-column photobioreactors.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

The unicellular green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis used as a biological production system for astaxanthin. It accumulates large amounts of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin when exposed to various environmental stress such as active oxygen species and high light intensities. To induce astaxanthin biosynthesis of H. pluvialis, cells were incubated in either nitrate free at $25^{\circ}C$ under continuous high light intensity ($1,000\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$) for 2 days or high light stress only. Expressions of astaxanthin biosynthetic genes such as carotenoid hydroxylase, IPP isomerase and ${\beta}$-carotene ketolase were monitored under different culture conditions by using real time RT-PCR. All the subjected genes increased their expression under highlight and N-deprivation condition where a large amount of astaxanthin was accumulated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.251-254
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• 1999

Astaxanthin is one of many carotenoids present in marine animals, vegetables and fruits. Since carotenoids are known to exert antioxidant actions, we explored to determine if astaxnathin could have such regulatory actions in normal-and $CCl_4$-treated rat liver. Astaxanthin treatment caused a slight increase in $\alpha$-tocopherol levels in the control rat liver. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was significantly increased by astaxanthin in a dose-dependent manner and its activity decreased in response to $CCl_4$treatment was slightly inhibited by astaxanthin. These results suggest that astaxanthin could protect liver damages induced by $CCl_4$via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and it may have a potential to activate the anti-oxidant system of normal liver by stimulating $\alpha$-tocopherol production.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.381-385
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• 2011

Studies were made to improve the stability of astaxanthin which has application limitations caused by light and thermal stability problems in spite of its strong anti-oxidant property. Astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis with supercritical carbon dioxide. Liposomal encapsulation of astaxanthin to improve the stability was made with high pressure homogenizer. The narrow size distribution was observed with astaxanthin liposomes. Tests on light and thermal stabilities resulted that the liposormal encapsulation improved the stability of astaxanthin for cosmeceutical purposes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2020.10a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2020

Astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant carotenoid, has been thought to provide health benefits by decreasing the risk of oxidative stress?related diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an astaxanthin during the autophagic cell death induced by bisphenol A (BPA) which is known major environmental pollutants. We found that astaxanthin significantly blocked the autophagic cell death via inhibition of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Astaxanthin significantly inhibited the phosphorylation mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) responsible for the expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1 in BPA-treated normal human dermal fibroblasts. We suggest that astaxanthin blocks autophagic cell death induced by BPA via the inhibition of ROS-mediated signaling events in human dermal fibroblasts.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.115-118
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• 1996

양계사료에 astaxanthin을 첨가한 실험결과 astaxanthin이야말로 닭의 생산성 향상 및 수익성 증대에 매우 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 예를 들면 육계종계에 있어서 그 효과는 매우 괄목할만하며 향후 수년내에 매우 유용한 사료 첨가제로서 판명될 것으로 보인다(Poultry International, July 54-60, 1996).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1993

To investigate the effects on pigmentation and carotenoid metabolism of red sea breams Pagrus major and flounders Paralichithys olivaceus by the supplemented carotenoids, fishes wire fed the diet each containing ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein ester, astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester, astaxanthin diester and ${\beta}$-apo-8'-carotenal for 8 weeks. Carotenoids in the integuments were analyzed. In cultured red sea breams with supplemented carotenoids, carotenoid deposition and pigmentation were higher in order of astaxanthin diester group, ${\beta}$-apo-8'-carotenal group and astaxanthin monoester group. The main carotenoids of red sea breams were astaxanthin diester, tunaxanthin and ${\beta}$-carotene. Difference in the content of astaxanthin diester and ${\beta}$-carotene was observed from natural and cultured red sea breams. In cultured flounders with supplemented carotenoids, carotenoid deposition and pigmentation were higher in order of ${\beta}$-carotene group and lutein ester group. The main carotenoids of flounders were zeaxanthin and lutein. Difference in lutein and ${\beta}$-carotene contents was observed from the natural and cultured flounders. Based on the contents and composition of carotenoids in each group after feeding experimental diet, carotenoid metabolism in red sea breams were presumed the reductive metabolic pathway, astaxanthin to tunaxanthin, and likewise, in flounders, lutein to tunaxanthin.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.6.1-6.8
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• 2017

The objective of this research was to study the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on growth performance and antioxidant capacity in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, two diets were formulated with or without astaxanthin supplementation (D1 and D2; 0 and 200 mg/kg) to feed fish for 6 weeks. In the in vitro study, cells from hepatopancreas of golden pompano were isolated and four treatments with or without astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ supplementation were applied (control group: without both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ group: just with $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ + AST group: with both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$treated; AST group: just with AST treated). Results of the in vivo study showed that weight gain (WG) and special growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with astaxanthin supplemented (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D2 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of golden pompano fed D2 diet were significant higher than those of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly declined as astaxanthin was supplemented (P < 0.05). Results of the in vitro study showed that the cell viability of $H_2O_2$ group was 52.37% compared to the control group, and it was significantly elevated to 84.18% by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ + AST group) (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of cell were significant decreased by oxidative stress from $H_2O_2$ (P < 0.05), but it could be raised by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ vs $H_2O_2$ + AST), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) was significant higher in $H_2O_2$ group (P < 0.05) and astaxanthin supplementation could alleviate the cells from lipid peroxidation injury. In conclusion, dietary astaxanthin supplementation can improve the growth performance of golden pompano. Moreover, astaxanthin can improve the golden pompano hepatic antioxidant capacity both in vivo and in vitro study by eliminating the reactive oxygen species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.996-1003
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• 2004

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin induce severe gastric mucosal damage in humans and rodents. In the present study, the in vivo protective effect of astaxanthin on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats was investigated. The test groups were injected with indomethacin (25 mg/kg) after the oral administration of astaxanthin (25 mg/kg) for 1, 2, and 3 days, while the control group was treated only with indomethacin. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the gastric mucosa, as an index of lipid peroxidation, increased significantly after indomethacin administration and this increase was inhibited by oral administration of astaxanthin. In addition, pretreatment with astaxanthin resulted in a significant increase of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px). Histologic examination clearly revealed acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in the stomach of the control group, but were not observed in that of the test group. These results indicate that astaxanthin activates SOD, catalase, and GSH-px, and removes the lipid peroxides and free radicals induced by indomethacin. It is evident that astaxanthin acts as a free radical quencher and antioxidant, and is an effective molecule in the remedy of gastric mucosal lesions.