• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.362-379
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• 2015

In this study, Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) construction schedule delay risk assessment methodology is developed and the construction delay risk is assessed for turnkey international NPP projects. Three levels of delay factors were selected through literature review and discussions with nuclear industry experts. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the basis of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Relative Importance Index (RII) methods and the schedule delay risk is assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by severity and frequency of occurrence of delay factors. This study assigns four main delay factors to the first level: main contractor, utility, regulatory authority, and financial and country factor. The second and the third levels are designed with 12 sub-factors and 32 sub-sub-factors, respectively. This study finds the top five most important sub-sub-factors, which are as follows: policy changes, political instability and public intervention; uncompromising regulatory criteria and licensing documents conflicting with existing regulations; robust design document review procedures; redesign due to errors in design and design changes; and worldwide shortage of qualified and experienced nuclear specific equipment manufacturers. The proposed combined AHP-RII methodology is capable of assessing delay risk effectively and efficiently. Decision makers can apply risk informed decision making to avoid unexpected construction delays of NPPs.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.161-172
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Sihochunggan-tang gagambang in the four patients with eczema ongroin, inner thigh.Methods: This case study was conducted for four groin, inner thigh eczema patients who have visited Korean Medicine Clinic. Sihochunggan-tang gagambang was prescribed to all four patients and evaluated the symptom change through photographs and two assessment methods. The assessment methods are Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index(ADSI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). ADSI was used to evaluate the objective symptom change and VAS was used to evaluate the subjective symptom change.Results & Conclusion: The ADSI and VAS were decreased compared to the first in all four patients in our study. And most symptoms of four patients were improved. As a result of examining ADSI, VAS scores and photographs, Sihochunggan-tang gagambang can be effective on the groin, inner thigh eczema in four cases in our study.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to establish the basis of the assessment tools that can be used for the diagnosis and assessment of skin diseases by reviewing the present status of the assessment tools used in domestic and overseas traditional medicine papers for the past five years. Methods : This study is based on analysis of papers on clinical trials about atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, urticaria published from 1st July 2013 to 30th June 2018. The papers were searched from Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS), Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal(KTKP), Pubmed, MEDLINE. Results : 40 articles on atopic dermatitis, 34 articles on psoriasis, 26 articles on acne and 10 articles on urticaria were selected. Among them, 38 articles(90%), 20 articles(85%), 22 articles(85%) and 5 articles(50%) used assessment tools in order. Conclusions : SCoring Atopic Dermatitis(SCORAD), objective SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis index(OSI), Eczema Area and Severity Index(EASI) were used in studies on atopic dermatitis. In the case of psoriasis, The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index(PASI) was used in most papers. In the study on acne, most of Korean papers used Korean Acne Grading System(KAGS), but in the overseas papers, various assessment tools were used. In the case of urticaria, the rate of use of the assessment tool was the lowest, but the assessment tool used was unified by Urticaria Activity Score(UAS). Since skin diseases can cause stress and a decrease in quality of life, the quality of life should be taken into account when evaluating treatment effects.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1034-1043
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the pooled agreements of the coronary artery calcium (CAC) severities assessed by electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated and non-ECG-gated CT and evaluate the impact of the scan parameters. Materials and Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were systematically searched. A modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Meta-analytic methods were utilized to determine the pooled weighted bias, limits of agreement (LOA), and the correlation coefficient of the CAC scores or the weighted kappa for the categorization of the CAC severities detected by the two modalities. The heterogeneity among the studies was also assessed. Subgroup analyses were performed based on factors that could affect the measurement of the CAC score and severity: slice thickness, reconstruction kernel, and radiation dose for non-ECG-gated CT. Results: A total of 4000 patients from 16 studies were included. The pooled bias was 62.60, 95% LOA were -36.19 to 161.40, and the pooled correlation coefficient was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89-0.97) for the CAC score. The pooled weighted kappa of the CAC severity was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.79-0.91). Heterogeneity was observed in the studies (I² > 50%, p < 0.1). In the subgroup analysis, the agreement between the CAC categorizations was better when the two CT examinations had reconstructions based on the same slice thickness and kernel. Conclusion: The pooled agreement of the CAC severities assessed by the ECG-gated and non-ECG-gated CT was excellent; however, it was significantly affected by scan parameters, such as slice thickness and the reconstruction kernel.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.400-408
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• 2019

Background: For decades, trauma has been recognized globally as a major cause of death. Reducing the mortality of patients with trauma is an extremely pressing issue, particularly for those with severe trauma. An early and accurate assessment of the risk of mortality among patients with severe trauma is important for improving patient outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective medical record review of 582 patients with severe trauma admitted to the emergency department between July 2011 and June 2016. We analyzed the associations of in-hospital mortality with the baseline characteristics and initial biochemical markers of patients with severe trauma on admission. Results: The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 14.9%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the patient's Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS; odds ratio [OR], 1.186; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.018-1.383; p=0.029), Emergency Trauma Score (EMTRAS; OR, 2.168; 95% CI, 1.570-2.994; p<0.001), serum lactate levels (SLL; OR, 1.298; 95% CI, 1.118-1.507; p<0.001), and Injury Severity Score (ISS; OR, 1.038; 95% CI, 1.010-1.130; p=0.021) were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: The REMS, EMTRAS, and SLL can easily and rapidly be used as alternatives to the injury severity score to predict in-hospital mortality for patients who present to the emergency department with severe trauma.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for patients with panic disorder using EQ-5D and EQ-VAS, and to examine the relationship between health-related quality of life and clinical outcomes following treatment. Methods : 29 patients with panic disorder were recruited from the Seoul Metropolitan area and 20 patients were followed up after two months of outpatient treatment. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) was used to assess the severity of the panic disorder and the changes in symptoms. HRQoL was assessed with EQ-5D and EQ-VAS at baseline and at two months of treatment. Results : All enrolled panic disorder patients showed significantly impairment of HRQoL in view of the subscales of EQ-5D, EQ-VAS index scores. The severity of PDSS was correlated the HRQoL in the panic patients. After treatment, the EQ-5D, EQ-VAS index scores showed significant improvement. Conclusion : Panic disorder patients suffer from lower HRQoL as well as from symptoms of the disorder. They showed clinical improvement and a restored HRQoL with treatment. These outcomes suggest using the EQ-5D, EQ-VAS such as the HRQoL in the assessment of patients with panic disorder is essential.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.960-967
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• 2009

Power supply system of electric railway has a diversity of safety problems since it should supply high electric power to the trains moving high speed with a lot of passengers on board. This paper provides a risk assessment approach to safety management of the electric railway facilities. Construction of database from field accident information, risk assessment and management of the risk are carried out systematically to ensure the safety. The risk assessment includes hazard identification, cause analysis by FTA(Fault Tree Analysis), consequence analysis by EVA(Event Tree Analysis), and loss analysis. In terms of the severity and the probability of the accidents deduced by these analyses, the risk of the accidents is assessed by using a risk matrix designed for electric railway facilities. Based on the risk assessment, possible risk mitigation options are identified and evaluated by analyzing their impact on the risk reduction and their cost benefit ratio. The long-term safety of the electric railway facilities can be ensured by renewal of the risk assessment and the risk mitigation option analysis with continuous accident database update. The proposed approach is applied to the electric railway facilities of Korean railway based on the accident data from 2002 to 2008.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2001

This paper presents a graphical method for hazard assessment of electric shock by safety criteria. For the human body to be safety actual body current should not exceed safety criteria, i.e. allowable body current. The assessment method presented in this paper is based m the safety criteria of the IEEE Standard 80 as well as the IEC 479-1. The hazard can be assessed in terms of alterable touch voltages instead of alterable body current. Thus, the hazard assessment of given electric shock condition is referred to a procedure by which the actual touch voltages are compared with the allowable (safe) touch voltages. Since the IEC 479-1 safety criteria are nonlinear, the graphical method is presented for the hazard assessment. Body current and body voltage are calculated with the allowable touch voltage. A comparison of the safety criteria of two widely accepted standards, i.e. the IEEE Std 80 End the IEC 479-1 is proposed. Also Thevenin equivalent resistance is obtained from electric shock model expressed by two-port earth-grid-foot system. On the basis of calculated results, the allowable touch voltage, the body current and the body voltage we can conduct the hazard or safety assessment and estimate the severity of electric shock.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.281-293
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• 2023

산업제어시스템의 특성에 대한 공격자들의 이해 증가와 더불어 정보 기술과의 연결성이 확대되면서 산업제어시스템을 대상으로 하는 보안사고가 증가하고 있다. 이와 관련된 취약점의 수는 매년 급증하고 있지만, 모든 취약점에 대해 적시의 패치를 수행하는 것은 어렵다. 현재 취약점 패치의 기준으로 여겨지는 공통 취약점 평가체계는 취약점이 발견된 후의 무기화를 고려하고 있지않다는 한계점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 운영 기술 및 산업제어시스템 내 발생 취약점 정보가 포함된 공개 정보를 기반으로 시간의 흐름에 따라 변화하는 공격자의 기술 수준을 분류하기 위한 기준을 정의한다. 또한 해당 속성을 기존 심각도 점수 산출에 반영하여 취약점의 실제 위험성과 긴급성이 반영된 심각도를 평가하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 해당 평가 방안의 시계열적 특성 반영 및 운영기술 및 산업제어시스템 환경에서의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 실제 사고에 활용된 취약점에 기반한 사례연구를 수행하였다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2012

Purpose: For determining the prognosis of critically injured patients, transporting patients to medical facilities capable of providing proper assessment and management, running rapid assessment and making rapid decisions, and providing aggressive resuscitation is vital. Considering the high mortality and morbidity rates in critically injured patients, various studies have been conducted in efforts to reduce those rates. However, studies related to diagnostic factors for predicting severity in critically injured patients are still lacking. Furthermore, patients showing stable vital signs and alert mental status, who are injured via a severe trauma mechanism, may be at a risk of not receiving rapid assessment and management. Thus, this study investigates diagnostic factors, including physical examination and laboratory results, that may help predict severity in trauma patients injured via a severe trauma mechanism, but showing stable vital signs. Methods: From March 2010 to December 2011, all trauma patients who fit into a diagnostic category that activated a major trauma team in CHA Bundang Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. The retrospective analysis was based on prospective medical records completed at the time of arrival in the emergency department and on sequential laboratory test results. PASW statistics 18(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. Patients with relatively stable vital signs and alert mental status were selected based on a revised trauma score of more than 7 points. The final diagnosis of major trauma was made based on an injury severity score of greater than 16 points. Diagnostic variables include systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, glasgow coma scale, initial result from focused abdominal sonography for trauma, and laboratory results from blood tests and urine analyses. To confirm the true significance of the measured values, we applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. When significance was confirmed, the Student's t-test was used for comparison; when significance was not confirmed, the Mann-Whitney u-test was used. The results of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) and factors of urine analysis were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Variables with statistical significance were selected as prognostics factors, and they were analyzed using a multivariate logistics regression model. Results: A total of 269 patients activated the major trauma team. Excluding 91 patients who scored a revised trauma score of less than 7 points, 178 patients were subdivided by injury severity score to determine the final major trauma patients. Twenty-one(21) patients from 106 major trauma patients and 9 patients from 72 minor trauma patients were also excluded due to missing medical records or untested blood and urine analysis. The investigated variables with p-values less than 0.05 include the glasgow coma scale, respiratory rate, white blood cell count (WBC), serum AST and ALT, serum creatinine, blood in spot urine, and protein in spot urine. These variables could, thus, be prognostic factors in major trauma patients. A multivariate logistics regression analysis on those 8 variables showed the respiratory rate (p=0.034), WBC (p=0.005) and blood in spot urine (p=0.041) to be independent prognostic factors for predicting the clinical course of major trauma patients. Conclusion: In trauma patients injured via a severe trauma mechanism, but showing stable vital signs and alert mental status, the respiratory rate, WBC count and blood in the urine can be used as predictable factors for severity. Using those laboratory results, rapid assessment of major trauma patients may shorten the time to diagnosis and the time for management.