• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-174
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• 2010

How can a regulatory policy to address potential hazards be made legitimate in the face of scientific uncertainty? The precautionary principle has been gradually regarded as the most persuasive answer to this intricate question in Europe since the 1970s and generally recognized as a guiding principle in international environmental law. This principle, however, has often been subject to diverse concerns and criticisms due to its vague definition. This article tries to elaborate the precautionary principle while reviewing both the validity and unreasonableness of these criticisms over this principle. Then, this article explores the policy relevance of this principle by applying this elaborated definition to the concrete case of risk governance such as the risk assesment of food safety. In the end, this paper emphasizes the fact that the precautionary principle can be applied in the field of risk governance, refuting the argument that the precautionary principle is only a moral attitude or a political position.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.5-18
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• 2014

Many regions around the world are vulnerable to rainfall-induced slope failures. A variety of methods have been proposed for revealing the mechanism of slope failure initiation. Current analysis methods, however, do not consider the effects of non-homogeneous soil profiles and variable hydraulic responses on rainfall-induced slope failures. In this study, probabilistic stability analyses were conducted for weathered residual soil slopes with different soil thickness overlying impermeable bedrock to study the rainfall-induced failure mechanisms depending on the soil thickness. A series of seepage and stability analyses of an infinite slope based on one-dimensional random fields were performed to consider the effects of uncertainty due to the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity on the failure of unsaturated slopes due to rainfall infiltration. The results showed that a probabilistic framework can be used to efficiently consider various failure patterns caused by spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in rainfall infiltration assessment for a infinite slope.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.181-200
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• 2013

The test instrument utilized to diagnose and evaluate a trainee's ability are necessary for an effective information literacy education. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a standardized test instrument to comprehensively measure students' information literacy. The purpose of this study is to develop a standardized test instrument to evaluate the information literacy of middle school students, and to verify the reliability and validity of the test instrument. For this purpose, this study selected factors that can show the information literacy and developed an information literacy test framework that was designed based on Guilford's SOI model and Meeker's SOI-LA test. The test instrument that was developed through this study is a 30-item Web-based multiple-choice test. This study administrated tests in middle school students (794 students joined), and analyzed difficulty, reliability, discrimination index, validity of tests, and reviewed tests items to qualify the standardized test. The cutoff score was also decided when using these tests as a diagnostic information literacy assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-48
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• 2002

The middle school students' health hazard behaviors, health education needs, related to health hazard behaviors and life, were investigated on the basis of the PRECEDE model, for the purpose of a diagnostic research on health education. The data for this study were collected from the sample consisted of the middle school in Chongju for two weeks period in December, 2001. In analyzing the data, t-test, one-way ANOVA and $x^2$-test were done by using SPSS 10.1 for window to compare data between the sexes of the students and grades of the students. A Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationships among the diagnostic variables. The Pearson's correlation between health behavior and life satisfaction was .52, which was significant at the level of P<.01. The Pearson's correlation between drug use behavior and mental health was .40, which was significant at the level of P<.01. The relationships between each diagnosis variable suggested by the PRECEDE model had been experimentally proven to be valid, supporting the conceptual framework of the study as appropriate for assessing the students' health and health education needs. The significance of this research is that it has diagnosed the needs of middle school health education by assessment of factors related to health hazard behaviors and meantal health of the students. The research findings suggest an integrated system of school health education to be contrieved to enhance the effectiveness of the education by strengthening the related factors such as parents' interest to improve the health of middle school students.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.1 s.45
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• pp.74-81
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• 2006

In this study, on the basis of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and through a questionnaire on subjective preference and importance, various power supply systems were comprehensively compared with multiple decision criteria such as environmental, social, healthy, and economic viewpoints and then overall priority was assessed. When a decision-making problem is modelled by a hierarchy structure, the AHP method is regarded as a useful tool for extracting subjective opinions via the aforementioned questionnaire. Here, the overall preferences were obtained by linearly aggregating weighting vector and preference matrix. The energy systems such as nuclear, coal, and LNG power plants were selected because they took share over 90% of domestic electricity supply in Korea. Furthermore, wind power and photovoltaic solar systems were included as representative renewable energy systems in Korea. According to the results of this demonstration study, the following comprehensive comparison indicators were yielded: 1) weighting factors for 4 types of main criteria as well as for 11 types of sub-criteria; 2) preference valuation for 7 types of energy systems under consideration; 3) overall score for each energy systems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

This study is in order to promote agricultural products sold in the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplace and enabled by a comprehensive user evaluation of the rural village festivals direct transaction marketplaces in universal design perspective, provide a design plan for your care and comfort of a rural village festival Direct Deals Marketplace there is a purpose. Thus, redefining the principles of universal design suitable for direct transactions rural village festival marketplaces, and to do this by reclassifying the design elements of the farmstand-type in a framework was developed 30 questions to evaluate items for Universal Design Evaluation. And, the selection of three villages along the rural village festivals scale and conducted a survey of Universal Design Rating. As a result, the overall assessment was positive for B villages of rural village festival marketplaces direct transactions, there was a significant difference with the other village. In particular, there was a notable difference in the fairness, efficiency, promotional, safety and hygiene. And, there was a significant difference in design elements for directing atmosphere by selling space, product display, hygiene. This paper presents the design suggestions about a rural village festivals farmers' market aspects of universal design for improvement of the marketplace as following, 1) placement for differentiation the markerplace and around sites in the festival place, 2) to build the operating systems of sustainable management for arrangement and organization during the festival, 3) to install the device for maintaining agricultural products freshness 4) to separate the sale of local specialty products and general food products, and 5) to locate the suitable space considering the visitors tour route in the festival place for large-scale festival.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.920-928
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• 2016

Recently high dynamic range imaging technique is hot issue in computer graphic area. We present a progressive tone mapping algorithm, which is based on weighted least squares optimization framework. Our approach combines weighted least squares filtering with iCAM06 model. To show more perceptual high dynamic range images in conventional display, we decompose high dynamic range image into base layers and detail layers. The base layers are obtained by using weighted least squares filter. Then, we adopt chromatic adaption function and non-linear compression function to deal with base layers. Only the base layers reduce contrast, and preserving detail. The image quality assessment shows that our tone mapped image is more similar to original high dynamic range image. Moreover, the subjective result shows our algorithm produces more reliable and pleasing image.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.86-109
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• 1995

Clinical trials of drugs on humans is the final and most important stage in evaluating the safety and efficacy of the drugs. Good Clinical Practice(GCP) standards were announced in 1987 to protect testees' rights as well as to ensure validity of the clinical trial results, but its implementation has been delayed until now. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preparedness of the designated institutions to abide by GCP standards during clinical trials, and thereby to determine GCP implementability at the institutions. Survey on the status of clinical trials was conducted for the designated 83 clinical trial hospitals. Response rate was 95.2%. Donabedian's quality assessment model was applied as the basic framework for the study. And the relative - weights for the evaluation items were determined by expert's evaluation. Among the designated 83 hospitals, 39 conducted clinical trials to obtain drug manufacturing approval from 1990 to 1994. Only 19 institutions are found to be able to meet the requirements of KGCP. Structure variables - manpower, organization, and facility -, which are the basic elements for GCP, are evaluated as unsatisfied in many hospitals. Institutions which established IRB accounted for 41 or 51.9%, but those who have a protocol evaluation guideline, or Adverse Drug Reaction(ADR) reporting system were only 12 and 21 institutions, respectively. Also, the institutions providing educational programs on conducting clinical trials are few - 20. The study results indicates that the level of conducting KGCP is unsatisfactory. However, more institutions are expected to be able to meet the standards soon because GCP standards does not require so much regulation on facilities, but stress importance on research methodology and human right. At present as the institutions for clinical trials are primarily training hospitals with residency programs, such efforts as education will accelerate the implementability of GCP in Korea. Institutions must build the appropriate infrastructure and government must prepare to strongly enforce KGCP before it can successfully take place.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.100-110
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• 2020

Recently, the frequency of typhoon and torrential rain due to climate change is increasing. In addition, the upsurge in the complexity of urban sewer network and impervious surfaces area aggravates the inland flooding damage. In response to these worsening situations, the central and local governments are conducting R&D tasks related to predict and mitigate the flood risk. Researches on the analysis of inundation in urban areas have been implemented through various ways, and the common features were to evaluate the accuracy and justification of the model by comparing the model results with the actual inundation data. However, the evaluation procesure using available urban flooding data are not consistent, and if there are no quantitative urban inundation data, verification has to be performed by using press releases, public complaints, or photos of inundation occurring through 'CCTV'. Because theses materials are not quantitative, there is a problem of low reliability. Therefore, this study intends to develop a comparative analysis procedure on the quantitative degree and applicability of the verifiable inundation data, and a systematic framework for the performance assessment of urban flood analysis model was proposed. This would contribute to the standardization of the evaluation and verification procedure for urban flooding modelling.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.17 no.3_4
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• pp.527-537
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• 2004

Consequence-Based Engineering (CBE) is a new paradigm proposed by the Mid-America Earthquake Center (MAE) to guide evaluation and rehabilitation of building structures and networks in areas of low probability - high consequence earthquakes such as the central region of the U.S. The principal objective of CBE is to minimize consequences by prescribing appropriate intervention procedures for a broad range of structures and systems, in consultation with key decision makers. One possible intervention option for rehabilitating unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, widely used for essential facilities in Mid-America, is passive energy dissipation (PED). After the CBE process is described, its application in the rehabilitation of vulnerable URM building construction in Mid-America is illustrated through the use of PED devices attached to flexible timber floor diaphragms. It is shown that PED's can be applied to URM buildings in situations where floor diaphragm flexibility can be controlled to reduce both out-of-plane and in-plane wall responses and damage. Reductions as high as 48% in roof displacement and acceleration can be achieved as demonstrated in studies reported below.