• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1279-1284
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• 2005

The effects of 3 different strains of Japanese koji (Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae and A. awamori) in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran on chemical composition, energy, in vivo digestibility and preference of the fermented bagasse feeds (FBF) in goats were investigated. Diets consisted of lucerne hay cube (basal diet) and unfermented bagasse feed (control), FBF with A. oryzae (O), FBF with A. sojae (S) or FBF with A. awamori (A), which were mixed in a total ration of 7:3 (w/w DM). Three Nubian does were fed each of the diets, i.e. control, O, S and A in the 4 consecutive periods for digestion trials (21-day each). The goats were also used for preference trials (30-min each) of O, S and A. The O was significantly higher in CP content than others (p<0.05). The crude fiber (CF), ADF and cellulose contents of control were significantly lower than those of other diets (p<0.05). The S had significantly higher CF digestibility than control (p<0.05), and it revealed the largest value of all. Digestibilities of NDF, ADF and cellulose in S were significantly higher than those of control (about 10, 18 and 18%, respectively, p<0.05). The DE of S was significantly higher than that of others (p<0.05), though there were no significant differences in DCP and TDN between control and S. The results of preference trials demonstrated that the average intake rate was not significantly different among diets, but O and S are likely to be preferable to A (p<0.1). It was concluded that the SSF of bagasse feeds by Japanese koji can improve the fiber digestion, especially NDF, ADF or cellulose in goats, and there is a marked effect in the feed containing A. sojae, which may lead to the improvement of DE.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제25권1호통권80호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus, All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed "Korean traditional foodstuffs".The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus. All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed 'Korean traditional foodstuffs'.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.549-554
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• 2006

To standardize a manufacturing method and improve the quality of traditional kochujang, eight-types of meju with different shapes (brick, grain) were prepared using Aspergillus oryzae (A.o) or Aspergillus sojae (A.s) alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis (B.s). The physicochemical characteristics and enzyme activities of the various meju were compared during fermentation for 12 days at $28^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of both the brick- and grain-shaped meju were gradually decreased from an initial content of 50.47 to 54.89% to a content of 12.91 to 16.25% on day 12 of fermentation. The neutral protease activities of the brick-shaped meju ranged from $1.19{\pm}0.12$ to $1.25{\pm}0.28\;unit/mL$, and were similar for all treatments. The ${\alpha}$-amylase activities in A.s+B.s treatment of brick-shaped and grain-shaped meju were the highest, $11{\pm}0.6$ and $9{\pm}0.7\;unit/mL$, respectively. The ${\beta}$-amylase activities ranged from $1.53{\pm}0.01$ to $1.56{\pm}0.02\;unit/mL$, and were similar for all treatments. The amino type nitrogen content of A.o+B.s brick-shaped meju was the highest, $0.39{\pm}0.03%$. We confirmed that the brick-shaped meju prepared with A. oryzae and B. subtilis could be used to prepare traditional kochujang to improve the quality of the product.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.551-557
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• 1998

콩알메주 발효의 pilot system에 4종의 Aspergillus 균주를 접종하여 45시간 발효시킨 후 메주의 효소활성, 영양성분, 향기성분 등을 분석하고 제조된 메주로 된장을 제조하여 제품의 관능을 평가하였다. 메주의 pH는 7.40~7.98, 환원당은 0.04~2.78%, 아미노태질소는 178~309 mg%, 유리지방산은 2.67~5.05%의 수준이었으며 아미노산, 유리당, 지방산, 유기산의 분석 결과, 각 균주에 따라 특징적인 구성비를 보여주었다. Amylase활성과 당류의 분해도는 A. usami가 가장 높았으며 protease와 lipase 활성, 그리고 단백질과 지질의 분해도는 각 균주별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 메주의 향기성분 분석 결과, Aspergillus속 균주들은 Bacillus속 균주들과는 다른 향기성분을 생산하는 것으로 조사되었는데 이 중 9-methyl-acridine, dl-limonene, 2,3-butanediol 등이 Aspergillus에서 특징적으로 검출된 성분이었고 ethanol, acetic acid의 함량도 Bacillus에 비하여 훨씬 높았다. 각 메주로 된장을 제조한 결과, A. oryzae가 가장 좋은 평가를 받았으며 A. sojae에서는 간장맛이, A. usami에서는 단맛이 특징적으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1594-1599
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• 2005

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품위생안전성학회 2004년도 제3회 식품안전의 날 기념 학술 세미나
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• pp.224-228
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• 2004

2002년 8월부터 11월까지 전국 27개 지역에서 희나리 고추를 포함하고 있는 태양초 시료 40군을 수집하여 총 197주의 곰팡이를 분리하였다. 이 곰팡이들을 고체배지상에서의 번식속도, 분생포자의 모양 및 배양특성의 특성에 따라 6개의 group오로 나누었고 각 group에서 대표가 되는 30 균주를 임의로 선택하여 18S rRNA gene 염기서열을 분석하여 동정하였다. 희나리 곰팡이 중 에서 Colletotrichum 속 곰팡이가 66.5% (131/197)를 차지하여 가장 많이 분리되었고, 기타 Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (28주, 14.2%), Alternaria alternata (17주, 8.6%), Botryosphaeria ribis (9주, 4.6%) Aspergillus oryzae var. oryzae (3주 1.5%) 및 Fusarium incarnatum (9주, 4.6%)이 동정되었다. 각 group에서 임의적으로 한 균주씩을 선택하여 현미에 배양한 뒤 쥐(rat)에 투여시험한 결과 A. alternata를 접종한 사료를 먹인 실험동물이 2주내에 모두 죽었으며 다른 곰팡이를 배양한 사료에는 특이한 영향이 없었다. A. alternata 곰팡이를 현미와 고추즙에 배양하여 주요 독소들을 분석한 결과 17주의 곰팡이 중 8주가 현미와 고추즙에서 많은 양 (현미: $488{\sim}1572\;{\mu}g/g$, 고추즙: $115{\sim}1050\;{\mu}g/g$)의 tenuazonic acid (TeA)를 생성하였다. alternariol(AOH)독소와 alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)는 현미에 배양했을 때만 흔적량 내지 소량씩이 관찰되었다. Alternaria 독소 중 altenuene는 현미와 고추즙 배지 모두에서 검출되지 않았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1975

Aspergillus sojae를 사용(使用)하여 제조(製造)한 Koji와 Bacillus subtilis를 사용(使用)하여, 제조(製造)한 Natto의 배합비(配合比)를 달리하여, 그 효소역가(酵素力價)를 검토(檢討)하고 Koji와 Natto의 配合比를 10 : 0, 8 : 2, 6 : 4, 4 : 6, 2 : 8, 0 : 10으로 하여 담근 간장을 3개월간(個月間) 숙성(熟成)시키면서 숙성기간중(熟成期間中)의 화학성분변화(化學成分變化)를 조사(調査)하고 3개월간(個月間) 숙성(熟成)시킨 간장덧액(液)에 대하여 식미시험(食味試驗)을 행(行)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Koji 제조중(製造中)의 pretense activity는 시간(時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 꾸준한 증가(增加)를 보여 60 시간(時間)에 가서 44 tyrosine ${\mu}g$/ml 인데 비(比)해 Natto 제조중(製造中)의 pretense activity는 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보며 배양(培養) 15시간(時間)만에 이미 46 tyrosine ${\mu}g$/ml 였으며, 30시간(時間)배양(培養)으로 99 tyrosine ${\mu}g$/ml 에 이르렀다. 한편, amylase activity는 Natto 제조중(製造中) 시간(時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 약간(若干)의 증가(增加)를 보였으나 Koji 제조중(製造中)에는 30시간경(時間頃)까지 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보이고 그 이후(以後) 비교적(比較的) 완만(緩慢)하게 증가(增加)하였으나 전기간(全期間)을 통(通)하여 Natto 에 비(比)하여 월등(越等)히 높았다. 2. Koji와 Natto를 일정(一定)한 비(比)로 배합(配合)하했을 때 pretense activity Natto의 배합량(配合量)이 많을수록 점차(漸次) 높았고 amylase activity는 Koji의 배합량(配合量)이 많을수록 높아졌다. 3. 총질소(總窒素)는 모든 시험구(試驗區)에서 숙성(熟成) 2개월경(個月頃)까지 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보이다가, 그 이후(以後) 거의 일정치(一定値)를 유지(維持)하였으며 Natto 배합비(配合比)가 많은 시험구(試驗區)일수록 높은 값을 보이면서 증가(增加)하였다. 4. amino 태질소(態窒素)는 전구(全區)가 다같이 숙성기간(熟成期間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 대체(大體)로 증가(增加)되였는 데 그 함량(含量)은 Natto의 배합량(配合量)이 많은 구(區)일수록 높은 값을 나타냈다. 5. ammonia태질소(態窒素)는 Koji단용구(單用區) 및 Koji와 Natto, 의 배합비(配合比)가 8 : 2인 구(區)는 숙성기간(熟成期間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 계속 대체(大體)로 완만(緩慢)한 증가(增加)를 보였으나 Natto단용구(單用區) 및 Koji와 Natto의 배합비(配合比)가 6 : 4, 4 : 6, 2 : 8인 구(區)는 숙성(熟成) 1$\sim$2 개월(個月)까지는 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하였다가 그 이후(以後)는 감소(減少)되였는데 전반적(全般的)으로 Natto의 배합비(配合比)가 많을수록 높은 함량(含量)을 보였다. 6. 환원당(還元糖)은 모든 구(區)가 숙성(熟成) 2개월(個月)까지 대체(大體)로 현저(顯著)하게 증가(增加)되였으나 그이후(以後)는 감소(減少)되였는데 저구(全區) 다같이 환원당(還元糖)의 함량(含量)은 Koji의 배합비(配合比)가 많을수록 높았다. 7. 총산(總酸)은 Koji 단용구(單用區) 및 Koji와 Natto의 배합비(配合比)가 8 : 2인 구(區)는 숙성기일(熟成期日)이 지남에 따라 계속 증가(增加)되였으나 Natto의 배합량(配合量)이 비교적(比較的) 많은 구(區)일수록 숙성(熟成) 50$\sim$70일경(頃)까지 급격(急激)한 증가(增加)를 보이다가 그 이후(以後)는 감소(減少)하였다. pH는 전구(全區) 다같이 숙성(熟成) 50일(日)까지 저하(低下)되었다가 그이후(以後) 큰 변화(變化)가 없었다. 8. 3개월(個月) 숙성(熟成)시킨 간장에 대(對)한 관능시험결과(官能試驗結果)는 Koji와 Natto의 배합비(配合比)가 6 : 4일때 기호도(嗜好度)가 가장 높았고 이들 배합비(配合比)가 8 : 2, 10 : 0, 4 : 6, 2 : 8, 0 : 10의 순서(順序)로 낮았으며 Natto를 일정량(一定豊) 배합(配合)한것이 Koji단용구(單用區)와 Natto단용구(單用區)보다 우수(優秀)함을 알수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.390-396
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• 1997

Meju is a basis for manufacturing Kanjang, Meju was traditionally prepared at home by different types of process depending on the regional area. It is necessary to standardize and simplify the process of Meju-preparation for Kanjang of good quality. For these purposes, the process of Meju and Kangjang making as well as analysis of commercial Kanjang, were compared. Generally, traditional Meju was prepared by steeping and dehulling the whole soybean. After steeping for 24hr. soybean absorbed water up to 110~120% of its weight. The soaked soybeans were steamed for 2hr. and cooled to 5$0^{\circ}C$. Cooked soybeans were crushed down to the size of 10~15 mesh and molded. Molded soybeans were dried for 2 days in the air, hung up by rice straw and fermented for 20~30 days under natural environmental condition. On the other hand, commercial soybean koji was made of defatted soybean. Defatted soybeans were steeped in water and steamed for 15~30min at 0.7~1.2 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Steamed and defatted soybean was cooled to 4$0^{\circ}C$. Separately, wheat power was roasted at 200~30$0^{\circ}C$ by wheat roaster. Mixture of steamed defatted soybean and roasted wheat powder (5/5 to 7/3) were inoculated with 0.1~0.2% Aspergillus sojae and incubated for 2 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$ with occasional stirring. Chemical analysis showed that traditional soy sauces contained the following composition: NaCl, 20.12~25.42%; total nitrogen, 0.64~0.91%; pure extract, 9.47~11.20%; color, 2.34~4.01; pH, 4.92~5.12. Commercial products contained: NaCl, 15.20~17.19%; total nitrogen, 1.25~1.40%; pure extract, 18.17~21.47%; color, 5.41~21.12; pH, 4.51~4.66 and ethalnol. 2.97~3.12%. Organoleptic test on taste, color and flavor of traditional and commercial soysauce indicated that most of the consumers prefer commercial products to traditional products. Preferrable formulation of Kanjang based on organoleptic test of soy sauces was assumed as containing; NaCl, 16.0%; total nitrogen, 1.40%; pure extract, 19.97%; color, 12.98; pH, 4.61 and ethanol, 2.96.