• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 1980

The medical care insurance system, being put into practice nearly for three years, seem to have brought about some considerable problems as serious for the government as to consider a revision of that system. As one of the most serious problems of present system, the treatment cost of insurance patients is so remarkably low in comparison with than of non-insurance cases that normal operation of hospitals is threatened and care services of low quality are induced. The researcher carried out this survey to analyze and bring to light several aspects of treatment cost of non-insurance patients as a material for a re-assessment of the cost of insurance cases which shows a a considerable difference in amount at the standpoint of hospitals with than of non-insurance cases and further, hoping the significant blind spot of present insurance system(that is, the absence of regulations' for cost assessment by patterns or types of health care treatment) will be mended in near future. The survey was carried out with the treatment invoice sheets of total 902 in-hospital Patients of a general hospital in Seoul during the period of the 2 nd quarter of the year(1979). Among total 902 patients, 694 cases were used for analysis, because those disease or syndromes shared by less than 10% of the patients were put aside before procession. The data were analyzed by kinds or types of diseases, demographic characteristics of patients, hospitalization patterns, types of nursing treatment, etc. The result of analysis was as follows 1. Among all the non-insurance cases, those who received one or more kinds of nursing treatment mounted up to 96. 7 ％. The invoice issue frequency per person was 7.2 times, while that frequency per day for a person was 0.8, : the treatment cosr per person was ￦22,650 while its daily average was ￦2,430, due to the average 9.3 in-hospital days per person. 2. As to the nursing treatment types by the demographic characteristics of patients and hospitalization patterns. a. The unit cost female patients was generally more expensive them that of males, and independent nursing service was more given than other types of treatment. As to age, higher age groups received independent nursing service most, while the youngest group received instrumental and integrated nursing services. b. As to room grade, the unit cost of I.C.U. cases was the highest : and the cast of private room patients was higher than that of public room patients. By in-hospital days, the curve of function showed L. type : that is, the longer stay, the lower function. 3. State of treatment types by kinds of disease were ; a. Dependent nursing service showed comparatively high availability in surgical and neurologic disease and independent nursing service was most received by medical, obstetrical and urological patients, while instrumental and integrated services were most available for respiratory disease and obstetrical and neurologic diseases next. b. The invoice issue frequency per day for a patient was highest in obstetrical disease 3.8 times, and the unit cost(per one invoice sheet) was also highest in obstertrical disease(￦10,880) and next in neurologic cases(￦ 4,690 ). 4. As to the pertained departments. a. Cost amount per person was highest in department of Psychiatries daily cost was highest in obstetrical cases : while the invoice issue frequency was highest in obstetrics and next in pediatrics. b. In departments in need of surgical operation, dependent nursing care was highly availabl : while in internal medicine and obstetrics, independent service was higher. Psychiatrics showed the highest the of integrate nursing while pediatrics and obstetrics higher of instrumental services. The variation co-efficien of treatment cost came out to be relatively in high in special surgery, opthalmology and internal medicine. 5. State of treatment cost by types of nursing behavior was. a. The average frequency of invoice issue was 3.5 (times). Among the type four types of treatment, instrumetal service (4.3) and independent nursing behavior(3.9) showed higher frequency than average respectively. But as to unit cost (per invoice). dependent (￦5,200) and integrated (￦5,340) nursing care services were higher than average and considerably higher than the other two types. b. In repect patient distribution. independent nursing behavior(80.3% ) was the highest and depend ent nursing (31.7% ) the lowest. The variation co-efficient of treatment cost appeared highest in dependent nursing be havior as a whole, and among that, doctor's diagnosis showed the highest coefficient value (100.7). In conclusion, the variaty of treatment cost(treatment itself ) by various characteristics and treatment types pro- that treatment various sort of patients and treatment cost of various types of nursing behavior cannot be uniform. Therefore, to attain the equalization of health care service and its cost both for insurant and non-insurant patients, a more specific provision for assessment of cost should be added to the present medical care insurance system and, in addition, the cost of nursing treatment is desired to be inserted into the treatment invoice.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제40권
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• pp.357-386
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• 2007

현재 통일신라 범종은 한국에 6점, 일본에 5점, 기타 2점 등 총 13점이 알려져 있으며, 이중 3점은 형태추정이 불가능하다. 따라서 형태추정이 가능한 10점을 이용하여 범종의 형식을 구분하고, 이중 운천동 종의 조사 자료를 토대로 기존에 과학적 조사가 이루어진 통일신라 청동범종과의 연계성을 찾아보고 조성비를 중심으로 한 제작기술의 접근을 시도해 보았다. 통일신라 범종의 도상분석은 2가지 형식으로 나누었는데, I형식은 좌우대칭 비천과 정형성의 문양 배치구조를 갖는 전기종의 모습이며, II형식은 좌우비대칭 비천과 비정형성의 문양 배치구조를 띄는 후기종의 모습이다. 특히 운천동(雲泉洞) 종은 9세기 고묘지(光明寺) 종과 매우 흡사한 문양형태를 보이는 후기 종으로, 통일신라주악비천에서 전혀 보이지 않았던 종적(縱笛)을 연주하고 있는 것이 특이할 만하다. 통일신라 범종은 대부분 합금배합구성이 Cu-Sn, Cu-Sn-Ph으로 이루어져 있으며, 8세기와 9세기에 걸쳐 구리, 주석, 납을 골고루 사용하여 주종(鑄鐘)하였고, 고대 중국 "주례(周禮)" "고공기(考工記)"의 청동합금비와 근접하게 나타났다. 특히 운천동 종은 Cu-Sn-Ph-As 구성을 이루고 있으며 통일신라 범종에서 자주 사용되지 않은 As가 검출되어 이에 대한 관련 자료를 제시하였다. As는 Pb사용 성격과 유사하나 재질의 특성상 고온에서 쉽게 휘발되기 때문에 사용상에 어려움이 있으나, 제품을 단단하게 하여 오래 사용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. Ph는 주물의 유동성을 좋게 하여 문양을 잘 표현하게 하고, As는 제품의 강도를 높여줄 수 있다. 납동위원소비 분석결과 구체적 산지추정은 어려웠으나 시료의 분석 결과를 통하여 종 제작에 있어 한 광상의 재료를 사용했다는 근거를 제시할 수 있었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.105-116
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• 1986

For any thought and knowledge, its growth and development has close relation with the society where it is developed and grow. As Feuerbach says, the birth of spirit needs an existence of two human beings, i. e. the social background, as well as the birth of body does. But, at the educational viewpoint, the spread and the growth of such a thought or knowledge that influence favorably the development of a society must be also considered. We would discuss the goal and the function of mathematics education in relation with the prosperity of a technological civilization. But, the goal and the function are not unrelated with the spiritual culture which is basis of the technological civilization. Most societies of today can be called open democratic societies or societies which are at least standing such. The concept of rationality in such societies is a methodological principle which completes the democratic society. At the same time, it is asserted as an educational value concept which explains comprehensively the standpoint and the attitude of one who is educated in such a society. Especially, we can considered the cultivation of a mathematical thinking or a logical thinking in the goal of mathematics education as a concept which is included in such an educational value concept. The use of the concept of rationality depends on various viewpoints and criterions. We can analyze the concept of rationality at two aspects, one is the aspect of human behavior and the other is that of human belief or knowledge. Generally speaking, the rationality in human behavior means a problem solving power or a reasoning power as an instrument, i. e. the human economical cast of mind. But, the conceptual condition like this cannot include value concept. On the other hand, the rationality in human knowledge is related with the problem of rationality in human belief. For any statement which represents a certain sort of knowledge, its universal validity cannot be assured. The statements of value judgment which represent the philosophical knowledge cannot but relate to the argument on the rationality in human belief, because their finality do not easily turn out to be true or false. The positive statements in science also relate to the argument on the rationality in human belief, because there are no necessary relations between the proposition which states the all-pervasive rule and the proposition which is induced from the results of observation. Especially, the logical statement in logic or mathematics resolves itself into a question of the rationality in human belief after all, because all the logical proposition have their logical propriety in a certain deductive system which must start from some axioms, and the selection and construction of an axiomatic system cannot but depend on the belief of a man himself. Thus, we can conclude that a question of the rationality in knowledge or belief is a question of the rationality both in the content of belief or knowledge and in the process where one holds his own belief. And the rationality of both the content and the process is namely an deal form of a human ability and attitude in one's rational behavior. Considering the advancement of mathematical knowledge, we can say that mathematics is a good example which reflects such a human rationality, i. e. the human ability and attitude. By this property of mathematics itself, mathematics is deeply rooted as a good. subject which as needed in moulding the ability and attitude of a rational person who contributes to the development of the open democratic society he belongs to. But, it is needed to analyze the practicing and pursuing the rationality especially in mathematics education. Mathematics teacher must aim the rationality of process where the mathematical belief is maintained. In fact, there is no problem in the rationality of content as long the mathematics teacher does not draw mathematical conclusions without bases. But, in the mathematical activities he presents in his class, mathematics teacher must be able to show hem together with what even his own belief on the efficiency and propriety of mathematical activites can be altered and advanced by a new thinking or new experiences.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제50권
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• pp.31-51
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• 2018

우리시대에 '괴물'은 다시 전성기를 맞고 있다. 좀비, 휴머노이드, 바이러스, 외계인, 연쇄살인범 등을 다루는 수많은 '괴물서사'들이 대중을 사로잡고 있다. 이 논문은 '괴물서사'가 도대체 무엇인지를 질문하면서 괴물서사의 양상들을 점검한다. 괴물이라는 단어는 유일하고 명확한 정의를 빠져나가는 하나의 개념적 원형범주로 사용되며, 그런 의미에서 '은유'로, 아마도 오늘날 가장 익숙한 은유 중 하나로 활용된다. 괴물이 정의를 빠져나가는 이유는 수많은 괴물 형상들을 공통적으로 묶는 요소가 '기이하다, 의심스럽다, 정상이 아니다'라는 추상적 의미일 뿐이기 때문이다. 정상성과 기준을 뛰어넘는 괴물이라는 존재는 몸에서 떨어져 나오고 배설된 것을 뜻하는 비체(abjection)와 통해있다. 혐오와 공포를 생산한다는 점에서 괴물과 비체는 서로를 참조한다. 이 비체적인 것은 인간 범주 바깥의 '다른 것들'(others)을 의미하는 포스트휴먼적인 것과 일맥상통한다. 인간주의가 확립한 경계를 무너뜨리는 포스트휴머니즘이 경계의 무너짐을 나타나는 괴물에 관심을 갖는 것은 이런 점에서 당연하다. 좀비, 휴머노이드, 사이보그, 로봇 등 포스트휴먼적 존재들은 오늘날 가장 대표적인 괴물의 표상들인 것이다. 요컨대 괴물은 인간적, 인간주의적 범주를 뒤흔드는 모든 존재들이고, 괴물서사는 근대적-인간중심적-남성중심적 범주 바깥의 타자에 대한 이야기들이다. 프로이트가 '낯설은 두려움'(Das Unheimliche)이라는 용어로 말하듯이, 괴물이라는 낯선 존재들은 사실 우리에게 원초적으로 낯익고 익숙했던 것들의 회귀이기도 하다. 괴물서사가 결국 인간주의를 뒤흔들고 비판하고 극복하는 서사라는 점에서 볼 때, 오늘날 괴물서사는 '파국서사'에서 가장 전형적으로 나타난다. 파국서사가 인류 현재 문명의 몰락과 그 이후 상황을 서술하는 이야기라고 할 때, 파국서사의 이야기들은 필연적으로 현재의 가치들을 회의하거나 재사유하거나 배제하는 경향을 보인다. 파국서사와 괴물서사는 공히 인간주의적 현재를 비판하면서 그 이후를 사유하며, 이는 오늘날 생태학의 가장 중요한 개념인 인류세와 자본세가 파국서사와 연관된다는 점에서도 중요하다. 파국서사는 기존의 인간주의적 리얼리즘 서사를 넘어서는 곳에서 시작하고, 그런 점에서 그 자체로 괴물서사이며, 현재의 주요한 서사양식과 사유방식을 뒤흔든다는 점에서 괴물적 서사이기도 하다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제53호
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• pp.31-56
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• 2014

If we define theatre as an infinite tower piled up by smoke, the strata of the organic composition of an actor's/actress' body-mind-spirit, may not only be complicatedly worked out, but it seems to belong to a non-scientific realm. However and at the same time, it is also true that the audience is eager to witness a certain kind of specific vitality from the actor/actress on stage. Of course the vitality is hard to be prescribed. Simply we call it a texture of energy, nuance of existence, or much simpler, an actor's/actress' 'aura'. That is, the existential nuance of the actor/actress. The nuance, which is surging from the actor's/actress' authentic presence, ultimately comes out of, not the circumstantial interpretation of the production but the power of its integration. We can find from the works of Meyerhold, Grotowsky and Barba the theatrical fact that the actor's aura can be obtained by a kind of artificiality rather than innate characteristics of existence. These directors commonly regard theatre as the actor's/actress' theatre. Respectively choosing his own specific methods of expression, they unexpectedly meet in a same spot in which actor's/actress' theatre can be realized by the rediscovery of the actor's/actress's body-form. In other words, their approaching methods to theatre look alike, at least in that abandoning reserving any natural, unconscious, economic body-form of an actor/actress, they rather try to discover a certain kind of 'technical' body-form. The form which is totally non/un-conscious, unfamiliar and non-economical. Their research process explores an ideal body-form, and this thesis focuses on this point. For this work, I bring the notion of 'liminality' that connotes the praxis for essential presence of the actor/actress as well as the incubating time and space nacessary for his/her rebirth. And for developing this work, I ask: Could not the actor's/actress' consciousness and the spatiotemporal dimensions (s)he meets, be possibly defined as the core of liminality, only in case that (s)he requires them in the process of, either exploring the unfamiliar body or familiarising with the unfamiliar body-form? As I mentioned above, the three frontiers' theatrical journey is similar in part. For example, three all start from the actor's/actress' consciousness and then go through the body enlarged with it. Then they continue their journey, but different from one another. Meyerhold still uses the conscious body. But now he transforms it into a kind of mobilized sculptures. In comparison with Meyerhold's use of the consciousness, Grotowsky puts his emphasis on an autonomous body which, if necessary, cast away even the innate consciousness. Likewise, to Barba, theatre always starts from the actor/actress who has already taken off all kinds of conventions. (Conventions should be re-designed!) The actor/actress therefore recreates him/herself as his/her body-mind wears a new, unfamiliar, readjusted form and vitality. And then this restructured body-mind may unceasingly aim at exploring its vitalized 'positive organism', that is the waves of self-centering energy, an existential nuance, and an authentic (or maybe behavioral) expressiveness. Now it seems clear that the liminal process for the frontiers' theatrical journey could be equalized as a profound process of self-penetration, self-transformation, and self-realization. This thesis explores the mystic realm of liminality.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2021

도심에 위치한 좁고 오래된 골목길이 뜨는 상권이 되어 사람들의 발길을 끄는 현상을 미학적 관점에서 어떻게 설명할 수 있을까. 본 연구는 이면도로라는 입지와 소규모 점포의 집합을 조건 삼는 도심 골목상권 특유의 미적 경험을 논하고, 서울시 관악구에 위치한 샤로수길을 사례로 하여 그 경관적 양상을 탐구하고자 한다. 도심 골목상권의 미적 경험은 공간적 측면에서 크고 정제된 대로변 도시 조직과의 대비를 통해, 시간적 측면에서 오래된 것/새로운 것의 조화와 알려진 것/덜 알려진 것의 길항을 통해 발생한다. 샤로수길의 물리적 현황을 살펴본 결과, 2000년대 지어진 고층건물을 지나 1970년대 후반 이후의 다양한 건축연한을 지닌 저층 건축군으로 들어서는 진입 과정과 노포, 신규 점포가 어우러지는 골목 내부의 가로 경관으로 볼 때 샤로수길은 도심 골목상권의 미적 경험을 발생시키는 환경을 갖추었다고 판단된다. 샤로수길의 도심 골목상권 부상과 연계하여 관악구청은 명칭, 간판, 포장을 중심으로 가로 정비사업을 시행하였으며, 전술한 미적 경험에 비추어 그 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, '샤로수길' 명칭의 공식화는 대상지를 장소특정성으로부터 탈피하게 하고 대안성을 획득하게 하였다. 둘째, 노포의 간판 개선사업은 상업 주체의 측면에서 신/구 조화를 추구하지만 이미지의 측면에서는 시간성의 뒤섞임을 발생시킨다. 셋째, 보행자우선도로 조성 사업에서 노면의 포장은 골목 정체성을 강화하고 영역을 가시화하는 장치로 기능한다. 도심 골목상권의 현실이 이용자의 방문, 즉 체험에 좌우된다는 점을 상기할 때, 감각과 미학의 관점에서 도심 골목상권의 경관을 해석한 본 연구의 시각은 관련 제도와 데이터 기반 연구에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.277-290
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• 1987

This paper dealt with etiological studies on the acute fatal disease of Angora rabbits occurring as a group in Korea. The disease was confirmed as an acute infectious disease caused by virus. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The disease produced a high morbidity in the rearing Angora rabbits and a high mortality in the infected rabbits, and was acute. The infected rabbits died soon without premonitory signs after inappetence. The body temperature of the affected rabbits rose to $40^{\circ}C$ and nearly all deaths occurred within 48 hours after inoculation. In many cases a bloody foam was visible from the nostrils after death. According to the progress of the disease the nervous signs, such as ataxia, paralysis of the legs, and torticollis could be recognized in the some cases. Rabbits that had recovered from the disease were severe emaciation, and bristly and sparse hairs. In macroscopical findings, there were hemorrhage and edema of the lung, hemorrhage or hyperemia of the tracheal and broncheal mucosae, appearance of blood-tinged effusion in the respiratory tract. The principal lesions were found in the liver. Usually the lobular necrosis of the liver cells was progressed, and focal necrosis and hemorrhagic spots of various sizes were often observed in the liver. Liver was as a whole pale. In chronic cases, however, there was a slight liver cirrhosis with the atrophy of the parenchymal cells. The other lesions encountered grossly consisted of swelling and petechiae of the kidney, hyperemia and hemorrhage of the spleen, catarrh of the small intestine, and hyperemia of the brain. The urinary bladder contained a lot of turbid urine or bloody urine and urinary cast, and was distended with the urine. In microscopical findings, the most striking lesions occurred in the liver and may be classified as viral hepatitis. The hepatic lesions were initially characterized by progression from periportal to peripheral necrosis of the lobules with the infiltration of mononuclear cells. Focal necrosis of various sizes, hemorrhage and hyperemia were often observed in the hepatic lobules. In chronic cases, there were intensive infiltration of lymphocytes, proliferation of fibroblasts, appearance of plasmal cells, and atrophy of parenchymal cells in the hepatic tissue. Perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and meningitis were seen in the brain and spinal cord. In the kidney, there were acute glomerulonephritis, hemorrhage, necrosis of the uriniferous tubules, and retention of eosinophilic substance within the renal tubules. Proliferation of fibroblasts and infiltration of mono-nuclear cells were found in the interstitial stroma of the kidney in chronic case. There were also hemorrhage and edema in the lung, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the trachea and bronchus, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and focal myocardial necrosis in the heart, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the spleen, vacuolization and desquamation of mucous epithelia in the urinary bladder, catarrhal inflammation of the small intestine, hemorrhage in the adrenal cortex and hyperemia in the other organs. In the electron microscopical findings of the hepatic tissue, crystals of viral particles appeared in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and the sinusoidal endothelial cells, and the viral particles, were small in size and polygonal. The authors suppose the virus may belong to picornaviridae family of RNA viruses. Also immature virus-like particles, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and destruction of nuclear membrane were seen in the hepatocytes. From these results, it is concluded that the sudden death is an acute viral disease characterized by hepatitis and the affected rabbits may be died of viremia.

• 멤브레인
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.118-126
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 소수성 표면의 막을 친수화시키는 방법으로 기존의 방법(브렌딩, 화학적처리 및 post-irradiation에 의한 광조사법)의 단점을 극복하기 위해 주고분자에 전자빔을 전조사하는 방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구 제조공정은 4부분으로 구성되며 첫째로 주고분자를 전자빔을 이용하여 수증기 및 공기조건하에서 전조사함으로써 친수기를 도입하는 전구체의 제조공정, 이를 이용하여 도프을 제조하는 도프용액 제조공정, 도프용액을 부직포 위에 캐스팅 하는 캐스팅 공정, 마지막으로 비용매에 침적하여 응고시켜 분리막을 형성시키는 분리막 제조공정으로 이루어진다. 이렇게 제조된 분리막은 기존의 친수화 방법을 통하여 얻어진 다공 분리막에 비하여 보다 균일한 형태의 친수화가 가능하며, 제조공정의 단순화를 꾀할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 이를 수행하기 위해 소수성 고분자인 polyvinylidene f1uoride (PVDF)를 75~125 K Gray 범위 선량의 전자빔 (electron beam, EB) 조사하여 전구체를 제조하였다. 제조된 전구체는 FTIR, EDS, DSC 등에 의해 친수기의 도입 및 도입경로를 확인한 결과, 하이드록실기가 친수성기로 도입되었고, 도입경로로는 주쇄의 탈수소화 반응경로에 의해 이루어진 것으로 추론 할 수 있었다. 제조막의 친수화는 접촉각 측정을 통하여 평가하였다.(pristine PVDF로 제조된 막의 접촉각은 약 $62^{\circ}$ 125 K Gray-PVDF로 제조된 막의 접촉각은 $13^{\circ}$). 또한 제조된 PVDF 다공막의 다공성도를 수은압입측정을 통하여 평가하였으며 SEM 이미지를 통하여 몰폴로지 및 표변 공경싸이즈를 관찰하였다. 그들의 결과는 전자빔의 선량이 높게 조사된 PVDF전구체를 사용한 막일수록 공경의 크기 및 다공도(pristine PVDF : 82%, 125 K Gray-PVDF : 63%)가 감소되고 있음을 나타내었다. 순수 투과실험에서도 동일한 경향을 나타내어 pristine PVDF의 경우는 892 LMH, 125 K Gray-PVDF의 경우는 355 LMH의 결과를 얻었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2012

하수재이용은 부족한 수자원 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대표적인 대안으로 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하수재이용수의 공급시 관망내에서 일어날 수 있는 관의 부식과 수질변화에 대한 연구를 모형관망을 이용하여 수행하였다. 관 재질은 아연도강관(GSP), 주철관(CIP), 스테인레스강관(STSP), PVC관(PVCP)을 이용하였고, 하수재이용수와 수돗물을 각각 공급하여 비교 및 평가하였다. 하수재이용수를 모형관망에 공급하는 루프테스트를 수행한 결과, 관 재질별 시편의 무게 감소량은 CIP > GSP > STSP ${\approx}$ PVCP의 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 하수재이용수는 수돗물과 비교하여 부식속도가 높게 나타났는데, CIP의 경우, 하수재이용수의 초기 부식속도가 3.511 mdd, 수돗물은 2.064 mdd를 나타내었고, 90일간의 부식속도는 하수재이용수 0.833 mdd, 수돗물 0.294 mdd를 나타내었다. 또한, GSP도 하수재이용수의 초기 부식속도가 2.703 mdd, 수돗물은 2.499 mdd를 나타내었고, 90일간의 부식속도는 하수재이용수 0.349, 수돗물 0.248 mdd로 CIP에서 나타난 경향과 유사하였으며, 시간이 지남에 따라 부식속도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 루프테스트를 수행하는 과정에서 관 재질별로 하수재이용수의 수질변화를 관찰한 결과, 암모니아성 질소의 경우, 부식이 크게 발생한 CIP 및 GSP에서 부식이 발생하지 않은 STSP 및 PVCP와 비교하여 질산염으로 전환되는 비율이 월등히 높았고, 부식생성물이 가장 많은 CIP에서 질산성 질소의 탈질이 가장 높게 일어나는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, CIP에서는 SRB (Sulfur Reducing Bacteria)에 의한 황산이온의 소모가 나타났으며, EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer System) 분석 결과 MIC (Microbiologically Induced Corrosion)가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.605-619
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• 2014

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2013. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and relative parts including orifices, dampers and ducts, fuel cells and power plants, cooling and air-conditioning, heat and mass transfer, two phase flow, and the flow around buildings and structures. Research issues dealing with home appliances, flows around buildings, nuclear power plant, and manufacturing processes are newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for general analytical model for desiccant wheels, the effects of water absorption on the thermal conductivity of insulation materials, thermal properties of Octadecane/xGnP shape-stabilized phase change materials and $CO_2$ and $CO_2$-Hydrate mixture, effect of ground source heat pump system, the heat flux meter location for the performance test of a refrigerator vacuum insulation panel, a parallel flow evaporator for a heat pump dryer, the condensation risk assessment of vacuum multi-layer glass and triple glass, optimization of a forced convection type PCM refrigeration module, surface temperature sensor using fluorescent nanoporous thin film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on ammonia inside horizontal smooth small tube, R1234yf on various enhanced surfaces, HFC32/HFC152a on a plain surface, spray cooling up to critical heat flux on a low-fin enhanced surface were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a fin tube type adsorber, the mass-transfer kinetics of a fin-tube-type adsorption bed, fin-and-tube heat exchangers having sine wave fins and oval tubes, louvered fin heat exchanger were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, studies are categorized into three groups namely refrigeration cycle, refrigerant and modeling and control. In the category of refrigeration cycle, studies were focused on the enhancement or optimization of experimental or commercial systems including a R410a VRF(Various Refrigerant Flow) heat pump, a R134a 2-stage screw heat pump and a R134a double-heat source automotive air-conditioner system. In the category of refrigerant, studies were carried out for the application of alternative refrigerants or refrigeration technologies including $CO_2$ water heaters, a R1234yf automotive air-conditioner, a R436b water cooler and a thermoelectric refrigerator. In the category of modeling and control, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to predict the performance of various thermal and control systems including the long-term energy analysis of a geo-thermal heat pump system coupled to cast-in-place energy piles, the dynamic simulation of a water heater-coupled hybrid heat pump and the numerical simulation of an integral optimum regulating controller for a system heat pump. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty one studies were conducted to achieve effective design of the mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to infiltration, ventilation, leak flow and airtightness performance in residential building. The subjects of building energy are worked on energy saving, operation method and optimum operation of building energy systems. The remained studies are related to the special facility such as cleanroom, internet data center and biosafety laboratory. water supply and drain system, defining standard input variables of BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management system, estimating capability and providing operation guidelines of subway station as shelter for refuge and evaluation of pollutant emissions from furniture-like products.