• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2014

목 적 : 고에너지 광자선을 이용한 방사선치료 시 발생되는 광중성자는 치료대상인 종양 주위의 인접한 정상조직에서 2차적인 암의 발생에 기인 될 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 방사선치료계획 시에 고려할 수 있는 변수 중 치료방법, 선속평탄여과판, 선량률, 갠트리 각도들을 변환시켰을 때 발생된 광중성자의 선량 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 실험에는 TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$(Ver.1.5, Varian, USA)치료기를 사용하였다. 광중성자 측정 장비는 조직등가비례계수기(Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter : TEPC)인 KTEPC를 이용하였으며, 치료대의 세로 방향으로 조사야 중앙 하단 6cm 지점에서 측정을 실시하였다. 치료방법, 선속평탄여과판의 사용유무, 선량율에 따른 광중성자 선량의 차이를 평가하기 위하여 모든 환자에 대하여 전산화치료계획시스템(Eclipse Ver 10.0, Varian, USA)으로 방사선치료계획을 각각 수립하였다. 치료방법으로는 세기변조방사선치료와 용적변조회전방사선치료로 구분하였으며, 선량율은 400MU/min, 1,200MU/min 및 2,400MU/min에 따른 차이를 평가하였다. 또한 방사선의 입사방향에 따른 광중성자 선량을 측정하였다. 결 과 : 치료방법의 차이에 따라 세기변조방사선치료와 용적변조회전방사선치료로 조사하였을 때 산란 광중성자 평균선량은 각각 $449.7{\mu}Sv$, $2940.7{\mu}Sv$로 측정되었다. 선속평탄여과판의 사용 유무에 따라 Flattening Filter(FF)모드와 Flattening Filter Free(FFF)모드에서의 산란 광중성자 평균선량은 $2940.7{\mu}Sv$, $232.0{\mu}Sv$로 측정되었다. 400, 1200, 2400 MU/min으로 선량률을 변환시켜 조사하였을 때 CASE I은 $3242.5{\mu}Sv$, $3189.4{\mu}Sv$, $3191.2{\mu}Sv$로, CASE II는 $3493.2{\mu}Sv$, $3482.6{\mu}Sv$, $3477.2{\mu}Sv$로, 그리고 CASE III에서 $4592.2{\mu}Sv$, $4580.0{\mu}Sv$, $4542.3{\mu}Sv$로 측정 되었다. $0^{\circ}$부터 $315^{\circ}$까지 $45^{\circ}$간격으로 갠트리 각도를 변환시켰을 때 산란 광중성자 선량은 10MV 광자선에 대하여 최소 $3.2{\mu}Sv$, 최대 $14.7{\mu}Sv$이었으며, 갠트리 각도가 $180^{\circ}$일 때 가장 높게 나타났다. 15MV 광자선의 경우 최소 $369.6{\mu}Sv$ 최대 $448.0{\mu}Sv$이었으며, 역시 갠트리 각도가 $180^{\circ}$일 때 가장 높게 측정되었다. 결 론 : 치료방법의 차이에 따른 실험은 용적변조회전방사선치료가 세기변조방사선치료 보다 산란된 광중성자 선량이 측정점에서 평균 6.5배 높게 측정되었다. 선속평탄여과판의 사용 차이에 따른 실험에서 선속평탄여과판을 사용하였을 때 12.7배 높게 측정되었다. 선량률을 변환에 따른 차이는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 갠트리 각도에 따른 산란 광중성자 선량 측정에서는 광자선이 치료대를 지나는 각도인 $135^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $225^{\circ}$에서 산란 광중성자 선량이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. TrueBeam $ST{\time}TM$을 이용한 FFF 모드와 세기변조방사선치료를 한 경우 산란 광중성자가 적게 발생한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 지속적으로 더 많은 변수에 대한 실험을 계획하고 광중성자 측정에 대한 평가를 통하여, 보다 환자들에게 안전한 방사선치료에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.979-995
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• 1997

고정성 교정장치 주변에 발생되는 백색반점은 임상적으로 쉽게 눈에 띄는 문제점을 가지고 있으므로 잔치제거 후 심니적으로 만족스럽지 못한 결과를 야기하는데, 이는 곧 교정치료의 실패를 의미한다. 이미 많은 연구를 통해 고정성 교정장치가 구강내 세균환경을 변화시켜 세균집단의 증식을 용이하게 함으로써 고정성 장치 부착 후, 법랑질 탈회의 발생빈도가 증가된다는 사실이 보고 되어 왔으며 장기간이 소요되는 교정치료의 특성으로 인해 발생되는 브라켓 또는 교정용 밴드 주변의 법랑질 탈회나 치아우식증을 예방 또는 억제시키기 위한 연구가 함께 진행되어 왔다. 이는 환자에 대한 구강위생 교육이나 치아관리 노력에도 불구하고 발생될 수 있는데 이를 예방하기 위한 방법의 하나로 불소가 유리되는 교정용 전색제를 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 불소가 유리되는 광중합형 및 자가중합형 교정용 전색제의 치아우식 예방 및 진행억제효과를 규명하기 위해 다음과 같이 각각 7개의 편광현미경군(A군-G군)과 주사전자현미경군(A'군-G'군)으로 분류하였고 [1. A & A'군 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그지 않은 정상치아군, 2. B & B'군 : STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기 에 72시간 보관한 비처치군,3. C & C'군 : STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$ 의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 자가중합형 교정용 전색제군, 4. D &D'군 : STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 광중합형 교정용 전색제군, 5. E & E'군 표면에 아무처리 없이 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 후, 이를 다시 아무런 처치없이 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 비처치군, 6. F & F'군 : 표면에 아무런 처치없이 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 후, 자가중합형 교정용 전색제를 도포하고 이를 다시 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 자가중합형 교정용 전색제, 7. G & G'군 :표면에 아무런 처치없이 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$ 의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 후, 광중합형 교정용 전색제를 도포하고 이를 다시 STPP 인공우식용액에 담그고 $37^{\circ}C$ 의 항온용기에 72시간 보관한 광중합형 교정용 전색제군], 이들을 편광현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용해 조직의 변성 여부를 검색하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 편광현미경적 연구에서 인공우식병 소의 깊이는 $A군(5.08{\mu}m),\;B군(47.82{\mu}m,\;C군(8.42{\mu}m),\;D군(7.20{\mu}m),\;E군(85.41{\mu}m),\;F군(60.38{\mu}m),\;G군(60.13{\mu}m)$,이었다. 2. 인공우식 병소의 깊이에 있어서, B군은 A군,C군,D군과 비교하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이를 보였고(p<0.05), E군은 F군,G군과 비교하여 통계학적으로 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 광중합형 및 자가중합형 교정용 전색제는 법랑질탈회 예방효과가 있었다. 4. 광중합형 및 자가중합형 교정용 전색제는 법랑질탈회 진행억제효과가 있었다. 5. 광중합형 및 자가중합형 교정용 전색제 표본에 대한 주사전자현미경적 연구에서 인공우식용액의 시간 경과에 따른 영향은 없었다. 6. 광중합형 교정용 전색제 표본과 자가중합형 교정용 전색제 표본 사이의 차이는 편광현미경과 주사전자현미경으로 구별할 수 없었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.168-184
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• 2001

목적: 새로이 합성된 다약제내성 (MDR) 극복제인 KR-30035(KR)는 다약제내성 유전자가 과발현된 암세포에 Tc-99m MIBI의 섭취를 증가시키며, 그 효과는 verapamil과 유사하나 심혈관계에의 영향은 적다. 본 연구는 체내에서 KR의 MDR 극복효과를 평가하고자 nude mice에서 P-당단백이 발현된 세포와 발현되지 않은 세포에서 다양한 농도의 KR이 MIBI섭취에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 방법: P-당단백이 발현된 세포는 HCT15/CL02 대장암 세포를, P-당단백이 없는 세포로는 A549 비소세포 폐암 세포를 120마리의 생쥐에 이종이식하였다. 120 마리를 모두 6군으로 나누었다. 제 1군은 복강내로 KR을 10mg/kg의 용량으로 3차례 주입한 군이고, 제2군은 verapamil을 같은 방법으로 주입한군, 제 3군은 KR을 2회는 10 mg/kg의 용량으로 1회는 25 mg/kg의 용량으로 복강내에 주입한 군이며, 제 4군은 KR을 2회는 10 mg/kg의 용량으로 1회는 50 mg/kg의 용량으로 복강내 주입한군, 제 5군은 KR을 2회는 10 mg/kg의 용량으로 복강내에 주입하고 1회는 25 mg/kg의 용량으로 혈관내에 주입한 군이다. 그리고 제 6군은 처치하지 않은 대조군으로 하였다. 이들 각군에 Tc-99m MIBI를 주사하고 10분, 30분, 90분, 그리고 240분 후에 동물을 희생시켜서 장기와 종양 조직내의 MIBI 섭취정도를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과: MIBI 섭취정도는 P-당단백 양성과 P-당단백 음성인 그룹 모두에서 제 2군보다 제 1군에서 높았다. 10분과 240분 사이의 배출율은 P-당단백 양성세포에서 KR을 정맥주사한 제 5군에서 MIBI 섭취가 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 그 외에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. P-당단백 양성 그룹에서 MIBI 섭취는 10분 (대조군의 173%)에서 가장 높았고 KR의 용량이 증가할수록 P-당단백 양성군 에서의 MIBI 섭취증가의 정도가 낮았다 (10분에 제 4군에서 130%, 제 5군에서 117%, 30분에 제 4군에서 178%, 제 5군에서 128%). 심장과 폐의 섭취는 제 4군과 제 5군에서 10분과 30분에서 각각 크게 증가하였다. 결론: KR은 verapamil 보다 심혈관계 작용이 적은 MDR의 억제제이며, verapamil보다 20-50배 투여량을 증가시킬 수 있으므로, 악성종양의 항암요법시 다약제내성을 극복하는데 보다 안전하고 효과가 큰 약제로 판단된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2004

목적: 전신용 PET에 대한 표준 성능 평가 방법으로 NEMA NU2-2001이 확립되어 제안되었다. 따라서 새로이 설치되는 PET 스캐너뿐 아니라 기존에 사용 중인 스캐너에 대한 성능 평가가 이 표준 방법에 따라서 새로이 이루어 져야 한다. 이 연구에서는 NEMA NU2-2001 방법을 이용하여 CTI ECAT EXACT 47 PET 스캐너의 공간해상도, 민감도, 산란분획, NECR 등을 측정하였다. 대상 및 방법: 공간해상도를 평가하기 위하여 축 방향 시야의 정 가운데와 축 방향 시야 길이의 1/4을 벗어난 횡단면에 F-10을 채운 유리관(내경 1.1 mm)을 횡단면의 중심에서 1, 10 cm 떨어진 지점에 축 방향과 평행하게 위치시킨 후 PET 영상을 얻었다. 민감도를 측정하기 위하여 폴리에틸렌 및 알루미늄 관에 F-18을 채운 후 불응시간 손실이 1%를 넘지 않는 것을 확인한 후 영상을 획득하였다. 산란분획 및 최적 영상 획득 조건을 얻기 위하여 NECR을 NEMA 산란 팬텀을 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: FBP재구성 방법(화소 크기: $0.515{\times}0.515mm^2$)으로 영상을 재 구성했을 때 스캐너의 중심에서 1cm 벗어난 지점에서 축방향, 횡축방향 공간 분해능은 0.62, 0.66 cm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.67, 0.69 cm (FBP, 2D와 3D)이었고 중심에서 10 cm 벗어난 지점에서 축방향, 횡축반경방향, 횡축접선방향 공간 분해능은 0.72, 0.68 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.63, 0.66 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D), 0.72, 0.66 mm (FBP, 2D와 3D)이었다. 민감도는 스캐너의 횡축방향 708.6 (2D), 2931.3 (3D) counts/sec/MBq, 횡축방향 중심에서 10cm 벗어난 지점에서 728.7 (2D), 3398.2 (3D) counts/sec/MBq 이었다. 산란 분획은 0.19 (2D), 0.49 (3D)이었고 최고 참 계수율과 NECR은 2차원 영상 획득 모드에서 40.1 kBq/mL 일 때 64.0 kcps, 40.1 kBq/mL 일 때 49.6 kcps, 3차원 영상 획득 모드에서 4.76 kBq/mL 일 때 53.7 kcps, 4.47 kBq/mL 일 때 26.4 kcps이었다. 결론: 이 실험에서 NEMA NU2-2001로 측정한 PET스캐너의 물리적 특성은 PET스캐너에 대한 객관적 평가 및 최적화 된 영상 획득과 분석에 유용할 것이다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2000

당뇨쥐에서 운동부하가 골격근과 간의 항산화효소 활성도에 미치는 영향과 산소유리기에 의한 조직손상 여부블 관찰한 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. Strcptozotocin으로 유도한 당뇨군의 혈당농도(mg/dL)는 $344{\pm}14.8$로서 대조군의 $117{\pm}2.7$보다 높았으며(p<0.001) 운동부하에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 혈장 인슐린 농도(${\mu}U/mL$)는 당뇨군에서 $8.5{\pm}0.5$로서 대조군의 $20.6{\pm}1.4$보다 유의하게 낮았으며(p<0.001) 운동부하후에는 운동부하전과 비교하여 차이가 없었다. 당뇨군에서 실제 운동부하의 정도를 평가하기 위해서 측정한 운동부하후 골격 끈파 간의 당원농도(mg/100 g wet wt.)는 각각 $1.0{\pm}0.1$과 $7.7{\pm}0.8$로서 운동부하전과 비교시 모두 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.001, p<0.01). 당뇨군의 골격근과 간의 항산화효소 즉 superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathionc pcroxidase(GPX) 및 catalase(CAT)의 활성도는 운동부하에 의해서 각기 다른 반응을 보였다. 골격근의 SOD 활성도(unit/mg protein)는 대조군에서 $6.3{\pm}0.2$였으며 당뇨군에서는 $5.8{\pm}0.2$로서 대조군과의 사이에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었으나 운동부하후에는 $5.0{\pm}0.1$로서 대조군과 운동부하전 당뇨군보다 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.001, p<0.01). GPX 활성도(nmol/min/mg protein)는 당뇨군에서 운동부하전후에 각각 $2.3{\pm}0.2$와 $1.8{\pm}0.1$로서 대조군의 $1.6{\pm}0.0$보다 다같이 높았으나(p<0.05, p<0.05) 운동부하에 의해서 영향을 받지 않았다. CAT 활성도(pmol/min/mg protein)는 당뇨군에서 $7.6{\pm}0.7$로서 대조군의 $6.3{\pm}0.7$과 비교하여 차이가 없었으나 훈동부하후에는 $4.6{\pm}0.3$으로서 대조군보다 감소하였으며(p<0.05) 당뇨군의 운동부하전보다도 감소하였다(p<0.01). 당뇨군의 MDA 농도는 대조군과 비교하여 차이가 없었으며 당뇨군에서 운동부하에 의한 영향도 받지 않았다. 간의 SOD 활성도는 대조군에서 $11.3{\pm}0.2$였으며 운동부하전 당뇨군에서는 $9.6{\pm}0.3$으로서 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 당뇨군에서 운동부하전후 측정한 SOD 활성모는 대조군과 비교하여 다같이 감소하였으나(p<0.01, p<0.001), 운동부하에 의한 영향은 없었다. 당뇨군외 GPX와 CAT의 활성도는 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었으며 당뇨군에서 운동 부하에 의한 변화도 없었다. 운동부하전 당뇨군의 MDA 농도(nmol/g wet wt.)는 $38.5{\pm}1.3$으로서 대조군의 $24.8{\pm}0.9$에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였으며(p<0.001) 운동부하에 의해서는 대조군보다는 높았으나(p<0.001) 운동부하전과 비교하여서는 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 당뇨쥐에서 골격근은 운동부하로 인한 산화 스트레스에 대한 적응과정을 통해서 손상이 없었으나, 간 조직은 당뇨병 자체로 인한 산소유리기의 발생으로 손상의 위험이 있었으나 운동부하에 의한 더 이상의 손상은 없었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.253-262
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• 1995

현재, 일반적으로 사용되고있는 어육의 선도 측정방법은 소요시간이 많이 걸리는 단점이 있으므로, 신속한 어육의 선도 측정방법으로 마이크로컴퓨터를 이용하는 방법의 실용화에 대하여 검토하였다. 즉, 어체의 전기전도도에 따라서 변하는 값을 실효치변환기(RMS)에서 DC 0-5V로 변환시켜 8096마이크로 프로세서에 내장된 10 비트 분해능의 A/D converter를 거쳐서 디지털 DATA값으로 받아들이도록 고안한 장치를 이용하여, 기존의 물리화학적 선도판정법과 비교 실험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 사후 경직의 개시 시간은 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 4시간, $0^{\circ}C$에서 8시간, $5^{\circ}C$에서 10시간, 그리고 $10^{\circ}C$에서 14시간으로 저장 온도가 높을 수록 연장되었으며, 또 저장 온도가 낮을 수록 경직도가 높았고 완전 경직의 유지시간도 길었다. 2. 신선도 지표인 K값이 횟감으로 이용 가능한 $20\%$에 도달하는 시간은 저장 온도별로 $25^{\circ}C$ 4시간, $10^{\circ}C$ 22시간, $5^{\circ}C$ 71시간, $0^{\circ}C$ 96시간, 그리고 $-3^{\circ}C$ 240시간으로, 저장 온도가 낮을 수록 신선도 저하가 억제되었다. 3. 어류의 초기부패로 알려져 있는 VBN함량 $30mg\%$에 도달하는 데 걸리는 시간이 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 792시간, $0^{\circ}C$에서 576시간, $5^{\circ}C$에서 384시간, $10^{\circ}C$에서 189시간, $25^{\circ}C$에서 45시간이었다. 초기부패 값에 도달하는데 걸리는 속도상수는 각각 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 $0.0183h^{-1}$, $0^{\circ}C$에서 $0.037h^{-1}$, $5^{\circ}C$에서 $0.052h{-1}$, $10^{\circ}C$에서 $0.14h{-1}$, $25^{\circ}C$에서 $0.57h{-1}$이었으며 $0^{\circ}C$와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 $Q_{10}-value$는 1.37이며 Ea는 48.3Cal/mol이었다. 4. 본 연구에서 사용된 장치를 이용하여 선도를 측정한 결과, 초기값은 $93.3\%$였으며, $25^{\circ}C$의 경우 저장 40시간에 $21.2\%$로, $10^{\circ}C$는 저장 144시간에 $22.3\%$로 가장 낮은 값이었으며 그 이후 일정하게 유지되었다. $05^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C,\;-3^{\circ}C$는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라서 완만히 Q값이 감소하여 각각 $5^{\circ}C$에서 336시간, $0^{\circ}C$에서 504시간만에 최저값을 나타내어 그 이후 일정하게 유지되었으며 $-3^{\circ}C$의 경우는 서서히 저하하여 저장 792시간 후에 $34.27\%$였다. 각종 온도대에 Q값의 감소 속도 상수는 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 $0.075h^{-l}$, $0^{\circ}C$에서 $0.104h^{-1}$, $5^{\circ}C$에서 $0.18h^{-1}$, $10^{\circ}C$>에서 $0.37h^{-1}$ 그리고 $25^{\circ}C$에서 $1.16h^{-1}$로, 저장 온도가 높을 수록 감소속도는 빨랐다. $0^{\circ}C-10^{\circ}C$에서 $Q_{10}-value$는 1.28, Ea는 3.78Cal/mole이었다. 5. 상기의 실험항목 (사후경직도, K값, VBN)과 선도측정장치를 이용한 실험값과의 상관성을 살펴본 결과 사후경직도와 Q-value는 상관성을 채울 수 없었다. 한편, K값과의 상관성은 -0.978(P<0.001), -0.962(P<0.001), -0.975(P<0.001), -0.944(P<0.001), -0.966(P<0.001)로 모두 높은 상관성이 인정되었다. 또, VBN과의 상관성도 -0.915(P<0.001), -0.916(P<0.001), -0.909(P<0.001), -0.888(P<0.001), 0.988(P<0.001)으로 모두 부의 상관관계가 있었으며, 특히 $24^{\circ}C$의 경우 높은 상관성이 인정되었다. 이상의 결과에서 신선도측정장치는 VBN 및 K값과 높은 상관관계가 있었으며 이장치를 이용하여 각 어종별 data를 축적시킨다면 산업적으로 유용한 장치가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.737-747
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• 1999

본 연구는 남극반도 북서부에 해당하는 South Shetland 군도 북쪽 해역에서 과학어군탐지기를 이용한 연속 관측 자료를 이용하여 크릴의 공간적인 분포 (수평, 수직분포) 및 자원량 파악을 주목적으로 하였다. 또한 자원량 계산을 위하여 플랑크톤 네트를 이용한 채집을 실시하였으며, CTD를 이용한 연구 해역의 수온 구조의 수직적 특성을 파악하여 크릴 군집과의 상호 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 고밀도의 크릴군은 $1^{\circ}C$ 이상인 Circumpolar Deep Water와 연안쪽에서 형성된 Weddell 해에 기원을 두고 있는 $-0.5^{\circ}C$ 이하의 낮은 온도층 사이에 존재하는 전선역 (frontal area)에서 형성되고있다. 크릴군의 분포 유형은 작은 군집을 이루는 표층 분포, 100$\~$200m 수층의 넓은 띠 모양의 연속적인 분포, 200$\~$300m 수층의 연속적인 분포 그리고 300m 이하의 point scatter분포 둥 네 가지 특징을 보였으며, echogram으로부터 분리해 낸 군집의 최대 수평분포는 약 35 mile에 걸쳐 나타났으며, 최대 수직 분포는 최대 275m의 두께를 보이고 있었다. 채집된 크릴의 표준 길이는 최소 30mm에서 최대 51 mm까지 분포를 나타냈으며, 성체 크릴은 41mm에서 하나의 모드만 나타내고 있었으며 30mm 미만의 미성체크릴은 채집되지 않았다. 자원량 밀도를 정선별로 나타낸 결과, 전체적으로 연안역보다는 대륙사면과 외양에서 높은 분포를 보였으며. 전 층의 평균 밀도는 151.0g/$m^2$였다. 해수의 표층 혼합이 강하게 일어나고 관측 자료 중상층부에 해당하는 22$\~$65m 수 층의 분포는 이 수층에서 전 정선의 평균 밀도는 17.0g/$m^2$로 계산되었으며, 이와 같은 분포는 5개의 수 층 가운데 가장 낮은 분포이다. 중층에 해당하는 115$\~$165m 수 층에서는 1,000m 수심을 경계로 대부분의 고농도 군집이 대륙 사면과 외양 쪽으로 치우치고 대륙붕 쪽으로는 대부분이 10g/$m^2$ 미만의 미약한 어군 형성이 나타나는 상반된 특징을 보였다. 이수충의 평균 밀도는 35.9g/$m^2$로 상층부보다 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 하층으로 접어드는 165$\~$215m 층의 분포도 1,000m 등심선을 경계로 연안역과 대륙사면에서 상반된 분포를 보이며, 전체적으로 120$\~$l70m 수 층과 유사한 분포를 보이고 있다. 이 수 층의 평균 밀도는 40.2g/$m^2$으로 전 수 층 가운데 가장 높은 분포를 보였다. 관측 자료 중 가장 하층인 215$\~$3l5m 수 층의 평균 밀도는 37.8g/$m^2$로 크릴군이 비교적 깊은 수심까지 존재함을 나타내고 있다. 각 수층에서 예측된 자원량으로부터 22$\~$315m 사이의 총 예측자원량은 약 277만 톤 (CV=$19.92\%$)으로 계산되었으며, 수층별로는 22$\~$65m 에서 전체 양의 $11.2\%$ (31만 톤, CV=$16.24\%$), 65$\~$115 m에서 $13.3\%$ (37만 톤, CV=$34.91\%$), 115$\~$l65m에서 $23.7\%$ (66만 톤, CV=$41.5\%$), 170$\~$220m에서 $26.6\%$ (74만 톤. CV=$27.84\%$) 그리고 215$\~$315m에서 $25\%$ (69만 톤, CV=$26.83\%$)를 차지했다. 이러한 결과로부터 전체 예측된 크릴 자원량의 약 $75\%$가 115m 하층에 분포하여 크릴군이 표층보다는 중층 이하에 높게 분포함을 알 수 있었다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

목적 : 보존적수술 후 방사선치료를 받은 유방암 환자를 대상으로 한국인에서의 조기 유방암의 보존적치료의 전반적인 미용적 결과와 유방의 대칭성 및 이에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 분석을 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1992년 2월부터 1997년 1월까지 조기유방암으로 보존적수술 후 서울대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 방사선치료를 시행 받은 120명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 대상 환자들의 추적관찰 기간은 16개월에서 74개월로 중앙값은 33개월이었다. 유방보존수술은 사분위절제술 및 액와림프절절제술 108례, 종양절제술 및 액와림프절절제술 4례, 종양절제술 2례, 전절제 생검술 4례, 피하유방절제술 및 액와림프절 절제술이 2례였다. 수술 후 방사선치료는 4 MV, 6 MV 또는 10 MV X 선을 이용하여 1 일 1.8 Gy 씩 50.4 Gy를 유방전체에 접선조사야로 조사한 후 원발부위에 7 또는 9 MeV 전자선으로 1일 2 Gy 씩 10 Gy를 추가조사하였으며 21례에서 액와림프절과 쇄골상 림프절을, 9례에서 액와림프절, 쇄골상림프절, 내유림프절을 치료범위에 포함하였다. 항암화학요법은 총 46례에서 시행하였으며, 45례에서 CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) 복합요법 6회를, 1례에서 CAF (cyclophosphamide, doxorublcin, 5-fluorouracil) 복합요법 12회를 시행하였다. 전반적인 미용적 결과는 유방의 부종(edema), 수축(retraction), 상승(elevation), 섬유화(fibrosis), 경화(induration) 및 피부변화 등을 고려하여 excellent, good, fair, poor 의 4 단계로 평가하였으며, 유방의 대칭성의 판정을 위하여 symmetry index를 사용하였다 전반적인 미용적 결과의 비교 및 분석을 위하여 polytomous logistic regression 방법을 사용하였고, 유방의 대칭성 평가를 위해 logistic regression 방법을 사용하였다. 결과 : 최종 추적관찰 시 전반적인 미용적 결과는 excellent가 29명$(24\%)$, good 62명$(52\%)$, fair 23명$(19\%)$, poor가 6명$(5\%)$으로 $76\%$의 환자에서 good 이상의 결과를 보였다. 단변량분석 상 종양의 크기가 2 cm 이하인 경우 (p=0.04), 림프절 전이가 없는 경우(p:0.0002), 종양 절제술 또는 전절제생검술을 시행한 경우 (p=0.02), 방사선치료의 범위에 액와림프절이 포함되지 않은 경우(p=0.0005), 항암화학요법을 시행하지 않은 경우(p=0.0001) 더 좋은 미용적 결과를 보였다. 다변량분석 상 종양절제술 또는 전절제생검만을 시행한 경우(p=0.04), 항암화학요법을 시행하지 않은 경우(p=0.0002)에 더 좋은 미용적 결과를 보였다. 유방의 대칭성에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 단변량분석 상 종양의 크기가 2 cm 이하인 경우(p=0.0007), 림프절 전이가 없는 경우(p=0.005), 항암화학요법을 시행하지 않은 경우 (p=0.001), 방사선치료의 범위에 액와림프절이 포함되지 않은 경우(p=0.02) 에 더 좋은 유방의 대칭성을 보였으며 종양절제술 또는 전절제생검만을 시행한 경우(p=0.09) 대칭성이 높은 경향을 보였다. 다변량분석 상으로는 종양의 크기가 2 cm 이하인 경우(p=0.003), 림프절 전이가 없는 경우(p=0.007) 더 좋은 유방의 대칭성을 보였다. 결론 : 조기유방암에서의 보존적수술 및 방사선치료는 $76\%$의 환자에서 good 이상의 미용적 결과를 보였다. 또한 대상 환자 중 종양의 크기가 작은 경우, 액와림프절 전이가 없는 경우 및 수술의 범위가 작은 경우 미용적 결과가 더 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다.