• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.383-397
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of artificial saliva contamination on bonding of several dentin adhesives to dentin. Sixty - three human molar teeth extracted within a month were used. Each tooth was sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction to obtain 126 specimens. These specimens were randomly divided into three groups and were treated by Scotchbond 2, Gluma and All bond. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups; normal group not contaminated with artificial saliva, contaminated with artificial saliva and dried group, and contaminated with artificial saliva and washed and dried group. Enamel/dentin bonding agent(Dental Adhesive of Scotchbond 2) was applied and light cured on the treated dentin surfaces. Thereafter P - 50 were cured on them, and specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ artificial saliva for 24 hours before measuring shear bond strength. Shear bond strengths were determined using an universal testing machine with cross head speed 1mm/min and SEM examinations were conducted to evaluate the resin - dentin interface and degree of penetrating resin string into the dentinal tubules. The following results were obtained. 1. Normal groups not contaminated with artificial saliva showed greater shear bond strength than any other group contaminated with artificial saliva(P<0.01). 2. The shear bond strengths showed no significant difference between washed groups with distilled water and not washed groups after contamination with artificial saliva(P>0.05). 3. In normal groups, the shear bond strength of A group was significantly greater than in any other group(P<0.01). 4. In Sand G groups, fractures after shear bond strength tests occured adhesively on resintooth interface in all specimens. But in A groups, fracture of the normal group occured cohesively in dentin and fracture of the contaminated groups occured adhesively and cohesively. 5. On SEM examination, the number of resin strings penetrated into dentinal tubules were the greatest in normal groups, followed by, in descending order, washed groups and not washed groups after contamination with artificial saliva.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.144
• /
• pp.51-82
• /
• 2017

In Meditation II, Descartes questions "sed quid igitur sum" ("But what then am I?"). To this question to rule our essence, A. Clark insists that "We are soft selves". The idea by Clark is a spontaneous conclusion of the extended mind theory stating that cognitive process, cognitive state, and self may be extended over biological organisms. However, it seems that it is difficult for the extended self to have the qualifications as a moral agent. There have been disputes about expandability of cognitive process and cognitive state, but there have not been many disputes about the possibility of accountability of behavior by the extended self. First of all, in this thesis, it will be revealed that the extended self through the analysis of metaphorical theories and the ontological essence of agent and behavior by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson is just metaphorical rhetoric, which is not suitable for rational comprehension of ontological essence of agent and behavior. Moreover, the analysis of problem about artificial moral agent (AMA) proposes the "Strong First-person Viewpoint" as a requirement of the agent. Finally, the concept of extended self will be shown to be unsuitable for theoretical explanation of us, and the concept of human person will be proposed as an alternative solution.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.507-512
• /
• 1998

It is an interesting area in the field of artificial intelligence to and an analytic model of cooperative structure for multi-agent system accomplishing a given task. Usually it is difficult to design controllers for multi-agent systems without a comprehensive knowledge about the system. One of the way to overcome this limitation is to implement an evolutionary approach to design the controllers. This paper introduces the use of a genetic algorithm to discover a fuzzy logic controller with rules that govern emergent co-operative behavior: A modified genetic algorithm was applied to automating the discovery of a fuzzy logic controller jot multi-agents playing a pursuit game. Simulation results indicate that, given the complexity of the problem, an evolutionary approach to and the fuzzy logic controller seems to be promising.

• Advances in robotics research
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.247-257
• /
• 2018

Various studies have been performed to coordinate robots in transporting objects and different artificial intelligence algorithms have been considered in this field. In this paper, we investigate and solve Multi-Robot Transportation problem by using a combined auction algorithm. In this algorithm each robot, as an agent, can perform the auction and allocate tasks. This agent tries to clear the auction by studying different states to increase payoff function. The algorithm presented in this paper has been applied to a multi-robot system where robots are responsible for transporting objects. Using this algorithm, robots are able to improve their actions and decisions. To show the excellence of the proposed algorithm, its performance is compared with three heuristic algorithms by statistical simulation approach.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 2024

Effective warehouse management requires advanced resource planning to optimize profits and space. Robots offer a promising solution, but their effectiveness relies on embedded artificial intelligence. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enhances robot intelligence in these environments. This study explores various MARL algorithms using the Multi-Robot Warehouse Environment (RWARE) to determine their suitability for warehouse resource planning. Our findings show that cooperative MARL is essential for effective warehouse management. IA2C outperforms MAA2C and VDA2C on smaller maps, while VDA2C excels on larger maps. IA2C's decentralized approach, focusing on cooperation over collaboration, allows for higher reward collection in smaller environments. However, as map size increases, reward collection decreases due to the need for extensive exploration. This study highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate MARL algorithm based on the specific warehouse environment's requirements and scale.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2020

Industrial Revolution means the improvement of productivity through technological innovation and has been a driving force of the whole change of economic system and social structure as the characteristic of technology as the tool of this productivity has changed. Since the first industrial revolution of the 18th century, productivity efficiency has been advanced through three industrial revolutions so far, and this fourth industrial revolution is expected to bring about another revolution of production. In this study, the demand for the introduction of artificial intelligence(AI) technology has been increasing in various business fields due to the rapid development of ICT technology, and the classification of HS(harmonized commodity description and coding system) items has been decided using artificial intelligence technology, which is the core of the fourth industrial revolution. And it is enough to construct HS classification system based on AI technology using inference and deep learning. Performing the HS item classification is not an easy task. Implementation of item classification system using artificial intelligence technology to analyze information of HS item classification which is performed manually by the current person more accurately and without any mistake, And the customs administrations, customs offices, and customs agencies, it is expected to be highly utilized in the innovation of trade practice and the customs administration innovation FTA origin agent.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2014

Effects of artificial thermal aging on color variations of various commercial papers (fine paper, coated paper, newsprint and filter paper) were investigated. With thermal aging at $105^{\circ}C$, most of papers showed a special trend in $a^*-b^*$ plane: the $a^*$ (red-green) values of the samples were initially reduced (heading to - $a^*$ side) and after a turning point they increased to +$a^*$ side while the $b^*$(blue-yellow) values were kept increased to +$b^*$ side (yellowing of paper). Different papers had different turning points for $a^*$ value. The filter paper consisted of a pure chemical pulp and the copy paper with OBA (optical brightening agent) showed the latest turing points. In addition, the papers without OBA showed less reduction in brightness compared with that with OBA, suggesting that OBA could adversely influence the brightness stability during thermal aging.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 1976

The Present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ginseng extract on the tension-area curve for stearic acid monolayer. At the same time, the effects of Ginseng extract on osmotic and mechanical fragility of human red cells and histamine release from rabbit leukocytes were studied, The results are summarized as follows. 1. The Ginseng alcohol extract was found to expand liquid expanded phase of stearic acid monolayer, thus it is speculated that this agent may be acting as a surface active substance. 2. Osmotic hemolysis was inhibited by the Ginseng alcohol extract and the same effect was also observed in the presence of Ginseng saponin. However, the Ginseng alcohol extract was found to decrease hematocrit ratio of the RBC suspension, therefore, the inhibition of the osmotic hemolysis by this agent may be secondary effect to the reduced cell volume. 3. The mechanical hemolysis was also inhibited by the Ginseng alcohol extract but the inhibition was independent of changes in hematocrit ratio. 4. Histamine release from rabbit leukocytes was significantly increased in vitro in the presence of the Ginseng alcohol extract.(p<0.05)

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.15B no.3
• /
• pp.253-258
• /
• 2008

Recently, game players want new game requiring more various tactics and strategies in the complex environment beyond simple and repetitive play. Various artificial intelligence techniques have been suggested to make the game characters learn within this environment, and the recent researches include the neural network and the genetic algorithm. The Genetic programming(GP) has been used in this study for learning strategy of the agent in the pursuit-evasion problem which is used widely in the game theories. The suggested GP algorithm is faster than the existing algorithm such as neural network, it can be understood instinctively, and it has high adaptability since the evolving chromosomes can be transformed to the reasoning rules.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
• /
• 2001.01a
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2001

Agent-mediated electronic markets have been a grow-ing area of agent research and developmen tin recent year. There exist a lot of e-commerce sites on the In-ternet(e.g. Priceline, com, Amazon, com etc). These e-commerce site have proposed new business models for effective and efficient commerce activity. Intelli-gent agents have been studied very widely in the field of artificial intelligence, For purpose of this paper, an agent can act autonomously and collaboratively in a network environment on behalf of its users. It is hard for people to effectively and efficiently monitor, buy, and sell at multiple e-commerce sites. If we intro-duce agent technologies into e-commerce systems, we can expect to further enhance the intelligence of their support. In this paper, we propose a new coopera-tion mechanism among seller agents based on exchang-ing their goods in our agent-mediated electronic market system. G-Commerce. On G-Commerce, seller agents and buyer agents negotiate with each other. In our model, seller agents cooperatively negotiate in order to effectively sell goods in stock. Buyer agents coopera-tively form coalitions in order to buy goods based an discount proices. Seller agent's negotiation goods. Our current experiments show that exchanging mechanism enables seller agents to effectively sell goods in stock. Also, we present the Pareto optimality of our exchang-ing mechanism.