• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2253-2272
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• 2018

We propose a deep learning method for multi-focus image fusion. Unlike most existing pixel-level fusion methods, either in spatial domain or in transform domain, our method directly learns an end-to-end fully convolutional two-stream network. The framework maps a pair of different focus images to a clean version, with a chain of convolutional layers, fusion layer and deconvolutional layers. Our deep fusion model has advantages of efficiency and robustness, yet demonstrates state-of-art fusion quality. We explore different parameter settings to achieve trade-offs between performance and speed. Moreover, the experiment results on our training dataset show that our network can achieve good performance with subjective visual perception and objective assessment metrics.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-94
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• 2010

Even Faxian(法顯)'s Gaosengfaxianchuan (『高僧法顯傳』) and Iching(義淨)'s Nanhaijiguineifachuan (『南海寄歸內法傳』) are regarded as very important and useful documents to study the southeast asian buddhist culture, it is very difficult to grasp the contemporary state of those area because their descriptions are very brief and implicit. Therefore this essay aimed an in-depth reading their documents as original texts of modern understanding of those area, and tried to make a new views to approach the southeast asian buddhist culture by some more historically and concretely. At the early 5th century when Faxian(法顯) arrived, Buddhism was flourished in Sri Lanka. Because already a long time passed since the Saṇgha was schismatized into conservative and progressive at around the dominical year, he mentioned nothing about the conflict or disharmony of two orders. And the faith of Buddha tooth relic, which had been uprisen at 50 years ago from Faxian's visiting, was concretely established as a representative religion of Sri Lanka. According to his record, the carrying ritual of this Buddha tooth was performed very magnificently as similar with recent Korean Youngsan ceremony(靈山齋). In the mean time, it looks there were many sculptures of Buddha image made of precious stone of special product from Sri Lanka. The faith of Buddha-pāda(the Buddha's foot-prints) was also generalized at that time. The most famous monk of his contemporary Sir Lanka was Buddhaghosa, the author of Visuddhi-magga, but it is not sure that Faxian had met him. It can be suspected that the funeral in which Faxian participated could be belonged to him, or the Visuddhi-magga was writing at the peak during Faxian's staying. On the way to return to China, Faxian embarked an indigenous ship around Indonesia. It means there were no chinese trade ship which he can use. So the trade between china and southeast asia was advanced by south asian ships, and the chinese ships were not yet joined at that time so activity. And at least until that time, it looks there were no any remarkable buddhist movement in the southeast asian countries by where he stopped. In contrast, the southeast asian world which be seen by Iching had already experienced a lot of changes. He was impressed by the high quality buddhist culture of those area, and insisted to accept it to china. Further, he analyzed the sects of buddhism which were prevalent around the southeast asia in his contemporary time, and tried to make a good relationship with each native monks for learning from them. It looks the center of those exchanges may be Śrīvijaya of Indonesia. He also mentioned the situation of the late 7th century's Funan(扶南) in Cambodia. At that time, the buddhist Saṇgha was oppressed by newly rising Khmer(眞臘). On the other hand, he described the points of sameness and difference in detail between Indian and southeast asian buddhist culture in the field of ritual as like the practical use of garments, buddha images, and daily recited scriptures. There must be a lot of another aspects which this essay couldn't gather up or catch from these documents. Nevertheless, I hope this essay can help the researchers of this field and will wait for any advices and comments from them.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.163-186
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• 2009

On April 11, 1980, the "United Nations on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" ("CISG") was prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and approved by a diplomatic conference in Vienna providing uniform law for international sales of goods. It took effect as of March 1, 2005, in Korea. It is set forth on the seller's remedies for breach by the buyer Section III (Art. 61 - 65) under the CISG. In this study, the focus is only on the seller's notice fixing additional final period for performance (Art. 63) and the right to avoid the contract (Art. 64), with examination on some relevant foreign arbitral awards rendered by the ICC and the CIETAC together. Article 63 provides that the seller may fix an additional period of time for reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligation. It was found from the above arbitral awards that the concept of 'reasonable length' should be decided on a case-by-case basis, given the specific circumstances in the case [Art. 63(1)]. It is provided that unless the seller has received a notice that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract in accordance with Article 63(2). Article 64(1) provides the means and grounds for avoidance of the contract, which can be avoided 1) when the breach of the buyer amounts to a fundamental breach of contract, or 2) when the additional period of time is fixed by the seller, unless the buyer declares that he will not perform so within the period of fixed time. As we examined in the above arbitral awards, it was held that the contract is avoided when the seller sends the final notice stating that he will avoid the contract, after the expiration of the additional period of time fixed by the seller in the ICC award. On the contrary, it was held that the contract should be deemed to be avoided exactly when the expiration of additional period noted in the avoidance notice is elapsed in the CIETAC award. Article 64(2) sets time limits for avoidance.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.36
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• pp.3-26
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• 2007

This article attempts to describe and analyze discussions on the matter of ex tunc effect or a ex nunc effect of rescission under Korean law in comparison with those under the CISG). In addition, it tries to scrutinize the various rules on the right to damages as an effect of rescission in a comparative way. Furthermore, it compares the various rules of Korean law with the CISG as to the right to damages and evaluates them in light of the discipline of comparative law. It maintains that the liquidation theory in Korean law is more close to the CISG in that there is no ex tunc effect in rescission and in other aspects. It also argues that the construction of the effects of rescission in accordance with the liquidation theory is more plausible when one considers Korea is one of the contracting states of the CISG. In addition, the theoretical analysis and the comparative study with the CISG shows that the insistence of ex nunc effect and its interpretation on the scope of damages extends to damages for expectation interest. It is also submitted that the position under the CISG on the assumption of ex nnuc effect, is regretted in that the restitution in value of the goods in the event of impossibility of the physical restitution is not allowed in some cases which the damage claims can not be awarded for the seller due to the application of the CISG Art. 79.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.57-73
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• 2017

In this paper RCA and TSI has been analyzed based on Korean and Chinese lists of export (HS 6 units) and list of companies and products with competitive advantage has been deduced. The results of RCA and TSI analysis are as follows. From the list of 20 most exported items from Korea to China the RCA index for eleven of them (based on common items from 2011-2015) is bigger than 1, thus showing comparative advantage. As for the TSI index, all of the items has shown (+) value, and has been analyzed as specialization in export. In other words, companies in the fields of mineral fuel; mineral oil; organic chemicals; electrical equipment and parts; as well as optical, precision and medical instrument are industries with competitive advantage. From the list of 20 most exported items from China to Korea the RCA index for twelve of them (based on common items form 2011-2015) is bigger than 1, thus also showing comparative advantage, and the TSI index has also shown (+) value for all of the specified items, meaning specialization in export. Industries of mineral fuel; mineral oil; iron and steel, articles of iron and steel; machinery and mechanical parts, electrical equipment and parts; as well as optical, precision and medical instruments have shown competitive advantage.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.843-851
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• 2009

Much work has already been done to control and regulate the worldwide problems caused by climate change, particularly the issues on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), having the highest form of concentration among GHGs composed around 1.0 billion tons of emission, and comprises about 98% of the total emissions from the shipping industry. Korean trade mainly rely on the sea transportation. Korean ship tonnages that was brought about by shipbuilders all over the country, continues to grow annually due to the prevailing demands on goods or material supplies and depicting only a small part of the global maritime activity. Nowadays, new build ships coming from the Korean Shipbuilders are being optimized by hull, structure and appendages design, The operational capability of the propulsion and auxiliary machineries in its maximum capacity to achieve the highest possible efficiencies for energy and onboard power use to mitigate $CO_2$ emissions are continually being done through the help of research and development. In this paper, the energy efficiency design index and anboard power capacity of Korean new build ships have been analyzed with response to data collected by ship types, and its respective fuel consumption in relation to $CO_2$ emission results. In response to climate change convention outcome proposals, the best way for the new build ships to become energy efficient is by lowering its operational speed thru adopting the state of the art diesel propulsion engines, patronizing the best sailing practice to lower the transportation cost on the different sea trade routes also helps in $CO_2$ mitigation.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.753-760
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• 2015

The Korean wine market is growing year by year recently especially in Off-trade market. It shows not just a part of the very few consumer-driven trend. The purchases of wine is always not so easy because the risk factors and failure points occur when buying wines. Most of wine consumers feel difficulties when buying wines at phase of previous step, buying step and after buying step. Wine consumers can be divided into the wine experts, wine lovers, novices, outsiders. To guide an wine buying with less failures to each representative of wine consumer characteristics and needs, user persona and scenario for the reduced failure were derived.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.163-168
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• 2015

Recent exhibition's paradigm is changing from the existing unidirectional oriented exhibition form to a form of interactive hands-on exhibits that viewers can get and realistically feel a variety of information. Hands-on exhibit embodies the human interface by utilizing light, sound, pressure, etc. in time and space. In this paper, we have studied the creation of fractal image by the Mandelbrot technique and proposed the interaction method for it to be converted into a variety of forms. By using the proposed method, a variety of image transformation such as printmaking effect, sketch effect, Pop Art effect can be performed, according to clicking a certain fraction on the created fractal image screen by a user mouse. Interactive image generated in this study are expected to be used for trade shows, promotional products, media art design.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.40
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• pp.3-30
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• 2008

This article attempts to describe and analyze the rules on the buyer's remedies for lack of conformity under PELS. It shows that such remedies under the PELS operate in a two-tier remedial scheme which is alien to both domestic and international legal systems. That is, repair and replacement take the position of primary remedy, whereas termination, price reduction and damages are secondary remedies which are available only where the primary remedies cannot be invoked. Notwithstanding its superiority, the PELS have some drawbacks in several aspects. First, the PELS seems to place its focus on the factor of cost except the other factors, for instance, the significance of the lack of conformity, when one decides whether the first tier remedies cause the seller unreasonable effort or expense. It is argued that the factors can be considered by referring to art. 1:302 PECL. Second, the PELS does not expressively provide any exclusion of the seller's right to choose between repair or replacement on the basis of unreasonable uncertainty in reimbursing the expenses advanced by the buyer. It argues that if there is such uncertainty, it should be regarded as causing the buyer an unreasonable inconvenience under art. 4:204(1). Third, the PELS does not seem to properly reflect the consumer's interests in that most consumers prefer to have the absolute right of termination as against the commercial sellers who have a relatively stronger bargaining position. The reasons for that is that there is a big hurdle, i.e., a hierarchy of remedies, to be overcome by the consumer to battle with the commercial seller, and that unavoidable vagueness in defining a minor lack of conformity has been often used against the consumer, but in favour of the commercial seller with a strong bargaining position.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 1994

This result of the study on the costume of Osman Turkey are as following. 1. Empire of Osman Turkey(129∼1922) exerted an almost limites impact and influence on Europe and Asia during their regime 600 years. The distant ancestors of the Osman Turks were nomadic peoples, who wandered I tribal groups through the Central Asia. Therefore their costumes were based on nomadic culture. They had trade with West and East were influenced by Hellenism and Byzantium and grew, to a strong Islamic political power polygamy with which influence their clothing along with other culture. 2. Topkapi Saray was one of he principal residences of the Osman sultans and his court. Late 17 century, Topkapi Saray found many of kaftans of Osman Turks Empires of 14∼17 centuries. Otherwise we studied by the minatures of 16∼17 centuries, Since the Topkapi Saray became a museum in 1924, a program of careful restoration has made it possible to some pars of it to the public, after centuries neglection. 3. Osman Turkey Empire had important role in between West and East(silk-road). Economic, commercial, social and political factor of Turkey led to a development in the art of weaving (kema, kadife, catman, seraser, zerbeft, hatayi, kntnu, atlas)parallel to the rise and development of the Osman Turkey Empire itself, one which raised the art to a level attained nowwhere else in the world. Fabrics woven from gold and silver thread occupied a very important place in the court life of the time. This was due as much to their symbolic as to their material value, reflecting as they did the power, glory and magnificence of the Empire. 4. In order to study Eastern or Western history of costume one must study Turkey history of costume in advance. Also there is a great need of comparison to study of western, central and north eastern area history of costume.