• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.116-130
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• 2011

Ethnic fashion and makeup were studied. 264 fashion designs from pret-$\`{a}$-porter collections in Milan and New York from 2001 S/S to 2005 F/W were analyzed. The major conclusions of the study are as the following: 1. The major types of ethnic fashion and makeup were Africa. American Indian. Japan, India. China and Inca. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were soft smoky, smoky, retro, nature, avant-garde, eastern. 2. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were used for the image for the designer's collections rather than ethnic features. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more used than others. 3. Soft smoky makeup types were more expressed in S/S seasons than in F/W seasons. In F/W seasons soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than other types. 4. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than others in Milan and New York collections commonly. 5. To emphasize the ethnic image for ethnic fashion, ethnic makeup arts like China, Japan, India, Africa, American Indian, Inca makeup arts and soft smoky, smoky makeup arts were represented.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical background of art make-up and surrealism in depth and shed new light on creative thoughts coming through application of Depaysement and various kinds of expression realized through art make-up, where art and make-up are incorporated. The study method is to conduct prior research followed by a theoretical study of the concept and techniques of Surrealistic Depaysement and theoretical background of art make-up through specialized books and internet sources and then to create 4 artworks representing characteristics of Depaysement technique categorized in dual image, fusion of heterogeneous objects, modification and conversion, and change of space. This examination resulted in first, a foundational ground for fusion and use of art and make-up sectors by creating a realm of expression based on creativity through incorporation of art and makeup and second, a sense of freshness and unfamiliar-ness by creation of an image in a completely unfamiliar space. Therefore, the researcher sets a direction for ways to come up with new ideas and expand the realm of expression and hopes that the art-makeup does not just become an aesthetic tool but turn itself as an art genre.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.106
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• pp.96-104
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze the makeup done to two female protagonists in the film, 'Chicago,' and explore how this makeup - nonverbal communication means - is realized in the area of makeup presentation for femme fatale and how it is societally accepted. Makeup varies by the femme-fatale types, and the general female population can apply these for images they want to express. In the future research, it might be interesting to examine specifically which femme-fatale images are preferred in Korea and the makeup and clothing of Korean stars who primarily influence these images.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between women's face satisfaction and makeup satisfaction, to disclose the differences of makeup satisfaction according to demographic variables, and to examine how makeup satisfaction was influenced by face satisfaction and demographic variables. The subjects were 200 women over age 17 living in Seoul and its peripheral areas. The results of this study were as follows: Face satisfaction were drawn three factors. Factor 1 was face contour satisfaction, Factor 2 was skin satisfaction, and Factor 3 was lips and eyes satisfaction. There were significant positive relationship between factors of face satisfaction and makeup satisfaction. Also, the face contour satisfaction was in positive correlation with satisfaction of features, and the skin satisfaction was in positive correlation with that of features. There were significant positive correlations between makeup satisfaction and face shape, eyes, nose, lips, chin, and cheek bone satisfaction. Face satisfaction didn't show significant difference according to demographic variables, but makeup satisfaction showed significant difference according to age and occupation. Face satisfaction was influenced by the facial face, clarity of skin, elasticity of skin, skin color, and ages. The explanatory power of the 4 variables were 24.5%. Makeup satisfaction was influenced by lips and eyes satisfaction, ages, and skin care level. The explanatory power of the 3 variables were 13.3%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2004

Dan-chung had many great traditional patterns of Korea. By investigating its patterns, which comprise the integral part of the formative features, and analyzing the aesthetic characteristics and formative beauty, the foundation was set to use the patterns as the motives of art makeup works. A focus was made on the basic elements, compositions and symbolic meanings of Dan-chung patterns. The representative patterns that were used a lot in Dan-chung made the motives of the four art make-up designs, which tried to integrate the aesthetic senses of the Dan-chung patterns into the art makeup venues. The four patterns were each based on the phoenix, bat, ghost face, and crane. The major colors used were white, black, red, blue and yellow, which were also the cardinal Five Colors of Dan-chung. They were changed in terms of luminosity and coma and manipulated to make harmony with intermediate colors so that the designs would ooze out the Korean aesthetic senses.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.214-224
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• 2006

Computer graphics mean a reproduction of various information through image processing or the technology that is widely thought in makeup areas also, recently. Especially, Adobe Illustrator, unlike Adobe Photoshop used in image editing and correction, is software suitable for image drawing and reproducing beauty makeup. Beauty makeup is a work adorning human body to fit to the aesthetic standard in that period, and is a plastic art expressing shapes, colors and textures using design elements. Adobe Illustrator is a 2D graphics designing images using shapes having plane colors. In this study I studied techniques reproducing each element of contours and colors of beauty makeup through Adobe Illustrator CS. In other words, I have prepared a reference data by studying techniques reproducing beauty makeup using Adobe Illustrator CS. In this study, though, I couldn't try various things, because I limited facial contour and skin color to only one kind. Therefore, I hope, in the future, others can expand the ethnics of using Adobe Illustrator in more enriched ways by working on various facial contours and skin colors.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2021

This study focused on the orientation of makeup education, considering the characteristics of the makeup sector. For this, the academic categories and properties of makeup in the theoretical areas of makeup education were analyzed. The practical fields of makeup techniques were divided into five different areas, and their characteristics and core competencies were analyzed. Then, the study results were verified through an in-depth interview. The results found the following: The academic categories of makeup are correlated with various fields such as art, technique, design, public health, science, medicine, and humanities. Analysis on the five different fields was mostly matched in practices. However, core competencies revealed a big difference in stage performances and fashion shows. Overall, basic beauty makeup, basic stage makeup, and basic media makeup techniques were found in terms of the core competencies. In particular, there was a high demand for hairstyling skills.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.48-63
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• 2011

Digital makeup(DM), depending upon computer graphic softwares, is applied to various fields, e.g. character works in movie and game industries and visual printouts in printing works. Focused on makeup field, DM is extremely conducive to developing, scientizing and informationalizing makeup patterns. Despite of unlimited potential of DM of which market size has been growing day by day, its practical use by domestic makeup experts and educators is much less active than expected as far, due to the lack of knowledge accumulation. The purpose of this study is to suggest some theoretical frameworks to generalize DM techniques and analyze two cases using the frames therefore support academicians' recent efforts to theorize DM techniques. The study 1) defines and categorizes the concepts of DM and DFX(digital special effect); 2) reviews the literature relevant to DM and generalizes the types and methods of DM techniques; 3) applies general frames to analyzing two movie cases, famous for their DM effects; 4) then suggests, based upon analytical results, some efficient ways for makeup experts to use DM techniques in practice. This study contributes to providing the theoretical grounds to conceptualize DM thus broadening makeup artists' interests in DM and awakening the scholarly concerns in cultural technology including DM.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.156-165
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• 2020

330 Korean adult women were examined the correlation between degree of makeup and makeup satisfaction before/after wearing masks due to COVID-19 and the moderating effect of mandatory/voluntary goal-oriented attitude toward makeup. The study found that lip makeup(p<.001) was significant variable in makeup satisfaction before COVID-19, and eyebrow makeup(0<.002) was significant after COVID-19. Although moderating effect of mandatory goal-oriented attitude, which works between degree of makeup before/after COVID-19 and makeup satisfaction was not significant, but moderating effect of voluntary goal-oriented attitude appeared to be significant before(p<.000) and after(p<.000) COVID-19. And the degree of makeup after COVID-19 was lower than before(p<.000). If one believe that makeup is for one's own satisfaction, degree of makeup can be significant effect on the makeup satisfaction, but actual behavior has shown that degree of makeup has decreased since wearing masks because of COVID-19. I hope this research will be used as marketing material for beauty and cosmetics industry.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.86-100
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• 2005

This paper has examined how ugliness has aesthetically been portrayed in modern make-up. In the past, ugliness was regarded as an antonym of beauty, but it recently plays a role on part of beauty, as independent portion of art. It was Schegel who initially maintained the view. According to his theory, ugliness represents interesting things including suffering reality, shock, attention, humor, surprises brought by distort and deformation. Hegel had a different view on it. As for him, he had the notion that ugliness was the opposite to beauty and that it had to be dependent in art, he argued that art was subordinate to philosophy, and that it was just nostalgia for the past, not representing reality, therefore, it could not be a foothold in contemporary art. In this context, some images of ugliness can be classified accordingly to Schegel's view deteste, decadence and androgynous can be fallen into a category describing reality; fetish, kitsch and grotesque can be included in interesting things. There is no fine line between the two. There are sometimes things they have in common. They mutually draw attentions by distancing themselves from general images of beauty, or making many changes and distorts in its part, using unique materials, unprecedented attempts of colors which result in creative and shocking images. Attempts made in ugly images in modern art are widening its concept to depicting reality on the body of human beings, also creating its new definition, playing a major role in independent part of modern art, not in the past way like wearing make-up on the face to make it look better.