• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-182
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• 2012

This study was performed to identify the difference of the area-based deprivation and the educational level on the cerebrovascular mortality in Korea. Data used in this study was obtained from the Death Certificate Data 2000 and the 2000 Census produced by Korean National Statistics(NSO). We classified the whole country into 246 areas based on the administrative districts. Then, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) in cerebrovascular disease was calculated according to the sex, education level and 246 areas. Its Predicted SMR was calculated by the Empirical Bayes Methods to reduce the variation of the SMR values. The area-based deprivation of 246 areas were measured using the modified Carstairs index in which the 5 indicators consisted of overcrowding, the unemployment ratio of men, the percentage of households classified low social class, the percentage of non home owners, and finally those houses lacking basic amenities. The correlation between the area-based deprivation and the SMR of the whole country and the correlation between the area-based deprivation and the SMR of each metropolitan cities or provinces was analyzed by the Pearson correlation analysis method. After classifying the deprivation of 246 areas into 5 levels, we performed the random intercept Poisson regression analysis after adjusting education level and age using Empirical Bayes Method to investigate the relationship between the 5 deprivation levels and the cerebrovascular mortality. The SMR was increased in lower education level. Each 246 areas had different values in SMR, Predicted SMR and area-based deprivation. The area-based deprivation and the SMR of the whole country was not correlated in both sexes. The education level of an individual was associated the risk of cerebrovascular mortality in men. The risk of cerebrovascular mortality increased with age compared to the reference(<30). The area-based deprivation was not associated with the risk of cerebrovascular in both sexes. The findings of this study suggest that the SMR had positive and negative correlations with area-based deprivation depending on the metropolitan cities or province. It also suggests that the individual education level and age were related with mortality and finally that the area-based deprivation was not associated to the cerebrovascular mortality in Korea.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

Objectives: As the increasing of the length of the lifespan, more recent policy interest are concerned with how many years of life are lived without functional disability or activity limitation. We investigated the relationship between deprivation and activity limitation at the 251 local authority level. Methods: The data were derived from the 2010 Census 10% sample data. Crude and age-standardized activity limitation rates by gender at the ages of 50 or over and deprivation index were calculated. Mapping and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore relationship between area activity limitation and area deprivation. Results: There were considerable differences in activity limitation rate across the 251 local authorities. Age-standardized activity limitation rate in both male and female were strongly associated with the level of area deprivation. Especially, low social class, male unemployment, or non-apartment residents at the local level were strong positive association with local authorities' age-standardized activity limitation. Conclusion: More policy attention is needed for tackling regional inequality in activity limitation among older adults.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2002

Objective : To investigate the relationships of occupational class, educational level and deprivation with mortality in Korea Methods : This study used existing South Korean national data on occupation, educational level, and deprivation and death. Mortality was investigated using registered death data from 1993 to 1997 obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office (NSO) with denominators drawn from the 1995 Census. Statistical analysis consisted of poisson regression modeling and multilevel analysis. Results : The lower occupational class (manual workers) group had a higher mortality rate than the higher occupational class (non-manual workers) group Educational level, and deprivation were both inversely related withand mortality. Occupation was strongly associated with education. Area-based deprivation indicators and individual indices for social class made an independent contribution to the mortality risk. Conclusions : The findings of this study suggests that the relationships of occupational class, educational level and deprivation with mortality appears to be stronger in Korea than in European countries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.100-126
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure income differences in smoking prevalence at the district level and to investigate correlations among area deprivation, smoking prevalence, and income differences in smoking prevalence, stratified by urbanity. Methods: Data were pooled from the Community Health Survey data of South Korea between 2008 and 2014. The age-standardized prevalence of smoking and its interquintile income differences were calculated. We conducted correlation analyses to investigate the association of the deprivation index with smoking prevalence and interquintile differences in smoking prevalence. Results: Across 245 districts, the median prevalence of smoking in men was 45.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.4 to 48.5%), with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% points. In women, the median prevalence was 3.0% (95% CI, 2.4 to 3.6%) and IQR was 1.6% points. The median interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was 7.4% points (95% CI, 1.6 to 13.2% points) in men and 2.7% points (95% CI, 0.5 to 4.9% points) in women. The correlation coefficients for the association between the deprivation index and smoking prevalence was 0.58, 0.15, -0.22 in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, among men, and 0.54, -0.33, -0.43 among women. No meaningful correlation was found between area deprivation and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. The correlation between smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was more evident in women than in men. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of geographical variations in smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. Neither smoking prevalence nor the deprivation index was closely correlated with interquintile income difference in smoking prevalence. Measuring inequalities in smoking prevalence is crucial to developing policies aimed at reducing inequalities in smoking.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1008-1018
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• 2000

Objective : Glutamate induced excitotoxicity is one of the leading causes of cell death under pathologic condition. However, there is controversy whether excitotoxicity may also participate in the neuronal death under low intensity insult such as simple hypoxia or hypoglycemia. To investigate the role of NMDA receptor in low intensity insult, we chose anoxia as the method of injury and used organotypically cultured hippocampal slice as the material of experiment. Materials & Methods : The hippocampal slices cultured for 2-3 weeks were exposed to 60 minutes of complete oxygen deprivation(anoxia). Neuronal death was assessed with Sytox stain. Corrected optical density of fluorescence in gray scale, used as cellular death indicator, was obtained from pictures taken at 24 and 48 hours following the insult. The well-known in vivo phenomenon of regional difference in susceptibility of hippocampal sub-fields to ischemic insult was reproduced in HOSC(hippocampal organotypic slice culture) by complete oxygen deprivation injury. Results : $CA_1$ was the most vulnerable to complete oxygen deprivation in hippocampus while $CA_3$ was resistant. Oxygen deprivation for 10 and 20 minutes with glucose(6.5g/l) present was insufficient to induce neuronal death in the cultured hippocampal slice. However, after 30 minutes exposure under anoxic condition, neuronal death was able to be detected in the center of $CA_1$ area. The intensity and area of fluorescence indicating cell death correlated with the duration of oxygen deprivation. NMDA receptor and non-NMDA receptor blocking with MK-801(30 & $60{\mu}M$) and CNQX($100{\mu}M$) did not provide cellular protection to HOSC against damage induced by oxygen deprivation, but increased intracellular calcium buffering capacity with BAPTA-AM($10{\mu}M$) was effective in preventing neuronal death (p=0.01, Student's t-test). Cycloheximide($1{\mu}g/ml$, $10{\mu}g/ml$) provided no protection to HOSC against insult of complete oxygen deprivation for 60 minutes and combined therapy of MK-801(30 & $60{\mu}M$) and cycloheximide(1 & $10{\mu}g/ml$) was also ineffective in preventing neuronal death. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the another mechanism not associated with glutamate receptor(NMDA & non NMDA) may play major role in cell death mechanisms induced by complete oxygen deprivation and increased intracellular calcium during anoxia may participate in the neuronal death mechanism of oxygen deprivation. Further investigation of the calcium entry channel activated during oxygen deprivation is necessary to understand the neuronal death of anoxia.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.382-395
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 지역박탈지수와 사회적 자본이 주관적 건강수준에 미치는 영향을 알아봄으로써 주거지역의 특성이 그 지역에 거주하는 인구집단의 건강에 영향을 미치는지를 파악해 보고자 함이다. 이를 위해 2011년 지역사회건강조사를 활용하여 전국 253개 지역의 229,186명을 대상으로 다수준 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주관적 건강수준에 대한 5개의 응답범주 중 자신의 건강을 '보통', '좋지 않음', '매우 좋지 않음' 이라고 응답한 인구집단을 대상으로 첫번째 분석이 이루어 졌으며, '보통'을 제외하고 '좋지 않음', '매우 좋지 않음' 이라고 응답한 인구집단을 대상으로 두번째 분석이 이루어졌다. 분석결과 두 번째 분석에서 지역박탈지수가 통계적으로 유의미했던 반면 '보통'이라고 응답한 인구집단이 비양호건강 집단에 포함된 첫 번째 그룹에서는 유의미하지 않았다. 사회적 자본은 두 그룹 모두 유의미하지 않았다. 본 연구에서 값이 크지는 않지만 지역박탈지수가 지역의 맥락효과로서의 설명력을 보였으며 그 효과는 일부지역에 국한된 것이 아니라 한국 사회 전체에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 지역적 개입을 통한 건강수준향상을 위한 노력이 경주되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주관적 건강수준 평가 연구에서 기존 연구결과와 비교 분석을 하려면 '비양호' 또는 '양호'의 기준을 동일하게 설정할 필요가 있다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.786-801
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• 2003

본 연구는 영국의 남동잉글랜드지역을 대상으로 사회적으로 박탈된 지역과 학업성취도의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이 지역은 영국에서 상대적으로 사회경제적 지위가 높은 지역임에도 불구하고 학업성취도의 공간적 편차가 심하게 나타난다. 학업성취도의 공간적 불평등은 거주지역의 박탈여부와 관련하여 설명할 수 있다. 다양한 박탈지표를 사용하여 박탈공간의 패턴을 알아보고 학업성취도와의 관계를 살펴본 결과 남동잉글랜드에서 학업성취도는 사회적으로 박탈된 지역과 매우 밀접한 관련성을 나타냈다. 박탈현상이 심한 지역이 그렇지 않은 지역과 비교하여 상대적으로 낮은 학업성취도를 나타냈다. 남동잉글랜드에서 낮은 학업성취도를 나타내는 박탈지역은 일반적으로 남동해안가에 밀집되어 있으며 내륙으로 들어갈수록 박탈현상이 약해지면서 학업성취도가 높게 나타났다. 그리고 높은 학업성취도에 비해 학업성취도가 낮을수록 거주지역의 박탈요소와 깊은 연관성을 지니는 것으로 설명되었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2024

연구배경: 본 연구는 지역박탈지수(Area Deprivation Index, ADI)와 우리나라 노인의 노쇠와의 관련성을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 방법: 2014년부터 2019년까지 국민건강영양조사 자료 중 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로하였다. 노쇠는 Fried phenotype을 기준으로 평가하였다. ADI와 노쇠의 관련성을 검증하기 위하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 연구대상자 9,825명 중 ADI가 낮은 지역의 노인보다 높은 지역의 노인이 1.23배 더 (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.37). 기혼자의 경우 ADI가 낮은 지역에 거주하는 노인보다 높은 지역에 거주하는 노인이 1.35배(OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.57) 더 노쇠한 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구는 65세 이상의 노인을 대상으로 ADI와 노쇠의 관련성을 파악하였다. 특히 기혼자의 경우 ADI가 높은 지역에 거주할 수록 더 노쇠한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 건강불평등 해소를 위해 박탈지수가 높은 지역과 낮은 지역 간 격차를 감소시키기 위한 정책적 개입의 필요성을 제언한다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.67-90
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• 2018

프랑스에서 테러범의 국적박탈을 가능하게 한 것은 1996년 법부터로 이후 두 차례(1998년 법, 2006년 법)의 관련 법 개정이 있었다. 이어 2010년 이민 법안에 국적박탈 구문 수정안이 발의된 바 있고 2015-2016년에 국적박탈 대상 확장을 가능하게 하는 헌법개정안이 논의되었지만 채택되지 않았다. 하지만 이러한 일련의 과정을 통해 이중국적자와 테러범과의 관계가 쟁점으로 떠오르고 이민자와 안보문제는 더 밀접한 상관관계를 갖게 되었다. 특히 2016년에는 올랑드의 헌법 개정안이 포기되었지만 비상사태는 계속 연장되고 이중국적자 국적박탈 문제는 뜨거운 논쟁으로 남겨졌다. 4개월 넘게 지속된 논의 끝에 국가비상사태 조항 삽입과 함께 국적박탈 확장 계획을 담은 헌법개정안이 철회되었지만 그 동안 비정치적인 사안(non-politicized)이었던 이중국적자 문제는 정치적 쟁점(politicized)이 되어 안보문제로 규정되는 안보화(securitized)의 경로를 거치게 된다. 이는 부잔(Buzan)을 위시한 코펜하겐 학파가 주장하는 안보화의 '두 단계 과정(Two-stage process of securitization)'을 거쳤음을 보여준다. 코펜하겐 학파의 안보화 개념이 중요한 것은 안보화 과정의 구성적 요소에 주목하기 때문이다. 이러한 안보화의 경로를 프랑스에서 이중국적자의 국적박탈 논쟁에 적용해보면 쟁점이 되지 않았던 비정치적인 이중국적자 문제가 화행(speech-act) 또는 공표효과(announcement effect)를 통해 어떻게 정치화되어 사회적 어젠다로 규정되는 지를 고찰할 수 있다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2000

Nowadays, mongolian gerbil is notably utilized for the research of brain and water deprivation because of a congenital incomplete willis circle structure in the brain, audiogenic seizure in low noise, and special cholesterol metabolism without water absorption for a long time. In this study, we are intend to identify the morphological changes of the catecholaminergic neuron of brain according to the time lapse in the condition of long term water deprivation. 55 mongolian gerbil were divided 10 groups(control, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 42th day water deprivation group), of which each group include 5 mongolian gerbils and 5 normal mongolian gerbils in control group were also used for brain atlas as a control. The brains were observed by the immunohistochemical stain using the TH, DBH and PMNT antibody. The results were as followings; 1. The nerve fibers of the TH-immunoreactive neuron were observed only in the and corpus striatum of the telencephalon. 2. Intensity of the immunostain of the nerve fiber in the cerebral cortex and corpus striatum was decreased gradually day by day after water deprivation. 3. The TH-immunoreactive nerve cells were observed in the paraventricular and periventricular nucleus of the 3rd ventricular in the hypothalamus of mongolian gerbil but the number of nerve cells were decreased from the first day of the water deprivation to the 10th day and increased until the 20th day, after than redecreased from the 20th day by the continuous water deprivation. The number of nerve fibers in this area were increased in the first day, but decreased from the 2nd day of water deprivation. The shape and density of the dopamine secreting cells in the brain of mongolian gerbil by the immunoreactive stain were changed in the continuous water deprivation. In this results, we can conclude that dopamine concerned in the water metabolism of mongolian gerbil, and mongolian gerbil could be used as an animal model for the research of water deprivation.