• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1717-1723
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• 2010

The integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system is a variation of the activated sludge wastewater treatment process, in which hybrid suspended and attached biomass is used to treat wastewater. Although the function and performance of the IFAS system are well studied, little is known about its microbial community structure. In this study, the composition and diversity of the bacterial community of suspended and attached biomass samples were investigated in a full-scale IFAS system using a high-throughput pyrosequencing technology. Distinct bacterial community compositions were examined for each sample and appeared to be important for its features different from conventional activated sludge processes. The abundant bacterial groups were Betaproteobacteria (59.3%), Gammaproteobacteria (8.1%), Bacteroidetes (5.2%), Alphaproteobacteria (3.9%), and Actinobacteria (3.2%) in the suspended sample, whereas Actinobacteria (14.6%), Firmicutes (13.6%), Bacteroidetes (11.6%), Betaproteobacteria (9.9%), Gammaproteobacteria (9.25%), and Alphaproteobacteria (7.4%) were major bacterial groups in the attached sample. Regarding the diversity, totals of 3,034 and 1,451 operational taxonomic units were identified at the 3% cutoff for the suspended and attached samples, respectively. Rank abundance and community analyses demonstrated that most of the diversity was originated from rare species in the samples. Taken together, the information obtained in this study will be a base for further studies relating to the microbial community structure and function of the IFAS system.

• Architectural research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

This paper investigates the development of attitudes to historic conservation from the turn of the nineteenth century when certain theoretical opinions on the protection of buildings began to be developed, through the time when the Venice Charter was established, to recent international trends in historic conservation. This paper also explores the contribution of these attitudes and ideas towards an international approach for historic conservation. This paper demonstrates that the Venice Charter is the acme of progress in the European stance towards restoration, reflecting European values of architecture and its conservation, and thus it is not sufficiently 'universal' to be unequivocally applied in non-Western countries. Secondly, recent international trends in historic conservation subvert the notions of Western cultural hegemony which have permeated global conservation practices, and accept the diversity of value criteria for heritage and its conservation in different cultural context. Thirdly, this paper argues that the conservation approaches in Asian societies need to move further into the retention and extension of the spirit and naturalistic sensibilities inherent in the architecture. Historic conservation is an expression of different cultural values attached to heritage resources by different societies. For conservation program to be effective, conservation should take place within a socio-cultural context.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.68-76
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• 2012

Contemporary architecture has a tendency to concretely approach based on the concept of Deuleuze's 'fold' diversity problems creating continuously potential diversities within Post-structural paradigm. Contemporary architecture relates to human life through its relation with human being. The research investigates through case study the possible relation of the concept of Deulezue's 'fold', one of his concepts of 'unfolding' based on Monadology, with logic of creation that constructs a space in contemporary architectural space. Eight contemporary architectural spaces since 1990 with architectural embodiment of Deulezue's 'fold' concept have been selected as cases. Based on the fact that the potential possibility of a space can be embodied by the thinking of 'fold', the research draws four physical activities such as 'properties connection', 'beyond border', 'diversity of circulation' and 'potential opportunity', through which it studies on the principle of actualization of space creation. Consideration of metaphysical theory as a pre-modern and outdated one may lose a huge potentiality. Leibniz's metaphysics can be rediscovered as a model that provides diverse potentiality. The concept of 'fold' in Monadology needs be reconsidered because it possibly suggests a methodology that embodies through the actualization of space the meanings underlain in contemporary architectural space.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.169-175
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• 2004

Considering the present development situation of domestic apartment complexes, the environment and its landscape is monotonous and dull, so the diversity is very important socially and visually. The ground floor dwellings can influence the richness and diversity of ground landscape in the apartment housing. Because they are set on the ground and directly contact with people's sight line. In this context, this study aims to identify the elements of design diversity in the ground floor dwellings, to analysis the architectural characteristics of them and to propose the improvement of diversity.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.25
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• pp.155-161
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• 2000

'Transparency', which has been an important topic of architectural discourse in the recent past, is playing an even greater role in architectural expression nowadays. The purpose of this study is to define the prevailing conceptions about transparency and to discover the various modes of this design effect in architectural space. By using partial or complete of transparency in a structure, designers are able to express themselves more profoundly. The perception between exterior and interior, transformation of day into night and conditions arising from spatial overlapping create an atmosphere which deepens the quickly of architectural design. Transparency can present as void what in reality is solid. Following the period of de-construction, transparency has asserts itself in late part of the century and transparency can be considered synonymous with modernistic and refers to structure that are optically luminant or pleasant in its simplicity. Along with advancement of climate control, construction and design technologies and new material with versatility should combine to even further the diversity of transparency in architectural expression.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2001

We need to have a universal system for the landscape architectural profession at the national level which focuses on public facilities from an aesthetic point of view and emphasizes the landscape architectural identity and traditional idiosyncrasy in Korea society. There should be established independent official positions in governmental systems in order to work practically in the field of landscape architecture concerned with ecological and environmental stability. Professionals should be acquired and diversity maintained for administrative efficiency, so that the governmental official position could create practical need and a theoretical approach to the human needs for environmental quality and ecological stability. In order to pursue the public good, we need to establish a new community and promote a global spirit, which include an ecologically stable environment developed through professional landscape architectural harmonization. The landscape architectural profession requires a new community spirit suitable to modern society, so that the Korean people continue a tradition of cooperative control of the common wealth and the labor market.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.166-172
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• 1998

Eclecticism had begun at 1820's and ended at the beginning of the 20c quoted historic and contemporary architecture. This trend is considered with architectural quotation and the meaning has the same text of the eclectic trend of Postmodernism, This study focuse on eclectic characteristics and have purposes of theoretical approaching to and formal analyzing to Contemporary Architecture. And it will be necessary to construct contemporary built environment for diversity of form Because expression of Architectural form by ecleticism is a method without experience designers can take architectural language by indirect experience of another worlds' architectural styles. Architectural form of Ecleticism has to be expressed by designer's own analysis when take a normal identity by creative principal of form-composition it will be a methodology of form composition and a prope necessity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.196-199
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• 2003

In a modern society, as the architectural materials have become main subject of the interior design expression, their influence on architecture is becoming substantial. There are multiple ways of using architectural materials. The aesthetic value is greatly enhanced by the fact that the architectural materials can be used to create unrestricted and new expression. The modern time is uncertain and rapidly changing. In this era of chaos and diversity, the materialism is being superseded by idealism. Speedy exchange of information among the countries with development of new technology and materials increases the possibility of new expressions. Each new material that adds new value influences on the other art as well as the architecture. These characteristics of new expressions could be viewed as having close relationship with current idealism. Therefore, the study on the expressive trend of architectural materials will provide better understanding and translation on expression of interior design. At this point, this study has a purpose in not only understanding architectural materials but also researching for the characteristics of expression on interior design with consideration of paradigmatic variation in modern times.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the diversity of architectural characteristics of traditional Hanok using Pyonjakbub(變作法). The roof is essential element of Hanok and the proportion of the roof accounts for about a half of the Hanok elevation. The shape of a roof of Hanok has made by the structural method like Pyonjakbub. For this study, the investigation report of 'Korean traditional houses' and 'Cultural assets of wooden traditional house' published by Cultural Heritage Administration were used as it's references. The results of this study are as follows; Pyonjakbub is appeared differently according to the region and the house dates and it has strongly influenced the architectural characteristics of traditional Hanok-the width of a room, the cross section of inner space of a roof and the length of eaves, etc. In other words, the architectural characteristics of Hanok will be changed by using different Pyonjakbub. Using the proper Pyonjakbub, we will provide more satisfaction to the client who wishes to live in Hanok.

• Architectural research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.145-154
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• 2020

Zoning has long been criticized for its negative effects and has been taken for granted that zoning works as a hurdle to urban diversity. Responses in the US have emphasized more fine-grained zoning approaches that plan mixed use. This paper introduces and evaluates Seoul's zoning system as a possible alternative. While US zoning regulations have relied on distinguishing ever larger numbers of land use zoning categories, Seoul has opted to integrate new land uses into existing classifications, allowing for greater flexibility of use in each zone. Using municipal building records to evaluate land use in three mid-density residential districts, this paper demonstrates that Seoul's flexible zoning is capable of producing diverse mixed use neighborhoods. It then highlights the potential downside of this approach, showing that flexibility allows for the commercialization and sectoral gentrification of residential districts. It concludes by suggesting that a combination of flexible zones and more fine-grained plans would capture the advantages of both US and Korean planning.