• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1978

A Comparison of the analysis of the green and roast coffee of Arabica and Robusta compositions and regular instant coffee has been investigated by chromatography. The coffee oil were obtained by extracting the green and roast coffee with ethyl ether by soxhlet methood. Instant coffee samples were accurately weighted into 100ml beaker (ca. 0.5g regular coffee and 1.5g decaffeinated coffee) and add ca. 50ml water, heat and boil, remove from heat, and mechanically stried ca. 15min. and filtered of one sample and another sample were without filtrated and proceed with liquid chromatographic separation. The fatty acid compositions of green and roast coffee were compared by gas liquid chromatography and general chemical compositions of sample were analysed. Some similarities between green and roast coffee fatty acids were found in the case of green and roast coffee of both kinds acid methyl esters. They contained stearic, oleic, linoleic, and unknown fatty acid, and palmitic ana linoleic acid were rich.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.757-766
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of non-fermented (CAC) and Monascus pilosus-fermented Columbia arabica coffee (FCAC), as well as Luwak coffee (LC) beans. The results indicated that total polyphenols content (mg/g of dry basis) was highest in CAC (70.69), followed by LC (62.07), and FCAC (41.38). However, the ratio of total flavonoids/polyphenols in FCAC was the highest. In terms of electron donating ability (%, coffee mg/mL), CAC was significantly higher than LC and FCAC. Regardless of fermentation, ferric reducing antioxidant powers were similar in CAC and FCAC and lowest in LC. LC also had the highest inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XO). However FAAC had the highest inhibitory activity against aldehyde oxidase (AO), with nearly three times the levels found in CAC and LC. According to the above results, FCAC had a higher ratio of flavonoids/polyphenols and iron chelating activity than CAC. FCAC also had the highest AO inhibitory activity among the three experimental coffee beans. The results suggest that further studies are required to evaluate the bioactive components of various coffee beans so as to determine the potential benefits that coffee may have on preventing oxidative stress-related conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.121-139
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• 2019

Decomposition of litter is a function of various interrelated variables, both biotic and abiotic factors. Litter decomposition acts like a natural fertilizer play a prime role in maintaining the productivity and nutrient cycling in agroforestry systems. There are few studies of decomposition carried out in agroforestry systems with coffee; so it is necessary to perform more research work to fill the research gap, which will allow a better understanding of the management of the coffee agroforestry systems. This paper is based on the theoretical and conceptual aspects of leaf litter decomposition in agroforestry systems, emphasizing the combination with coffee cultivation and critically examined the role of the different factors involved in the decomposition. This study made a comparison of different investigations with regards to weight loss, decomposition rates (k), initial chemical composition, and release of the main nutrients. This study suggested that it is necessary to implement studies of decomposition and mineralization, and the microflora and fauna associated with these processes, so that serves as an important tool to develop a model for enabling a description of the short, medium, and long-term dynamics of soil nutrients in coffee agroforestry systems.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.91-94
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• 2002

An efficient molecular breeding technique for coffee plants was developed. In order to produce transgenic coffee plants, we established a model transformation procedure via Agrobacterium method. We isolated a gene encoding a protein possessing 7-methylxanthine methyltransferase (theobromine synthase) activity, and it was designated as Coffea arabica 7-methylxanthine methyl transferase; CaMXMT. Using this clone, we produced transgenic coffee plants, in which the expression of CaMXMT is suppressed by double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) andlor anti-sense methods. The expression pattern of CaMXMT was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR method and we found that, in the transformed cell lines, the level of transcripts were obviously suppressed by RNAi. The endogenous level of caffeine in the transformed cells was dramatically reduced in comparison with non-transformed cells.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.703-711
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• 2009

Arabica coffee is classified for trading according to the New York Board of Trade(NYBOT) green coffee classification. NYBOT's grading system is based on classification derived from a defect count on a 300 g sample. In the present study, green and roasted coffees were investigated for possible correlations between the content of defective beans and sensory characteristics. Sensory evaluation was performed by expert tasters used by the Specialty Coffee Association of America(SCAA) cupping method. For green coffee, the percentage of defective beans increased. as the coffee grade decreased. Black and sour beans were not found in the NY2 grade coffee out of all natural, pulped natural, and washed coffee samples. Sour and insect damage were found in more natural coffee samples as the green coffee grade decreased. Green and broken beans were found in more washed coffee samples as the green coffee grade decreased. Flavor, clean, uniformity, aftertaste, and overall sensory characteristics were significantly different among the NY2, NY3/4 and NY4/5 grade coffee in all natural, pulped natural and washed coffee samples. The natural coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest body characteristic. The pulped natural coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest sweetness and balance characteristics. The washed coffee in the NY2 sample presented the highest acidity and flavor characteristics. In conclusion, the percentage of defective beans increased as sensory characteristics decreased.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.224-230
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• 2014

브라질 몬테알레그레 커피와 에티오피아 시다모 커피를 약배전, 중배전, 강배전으로 볶아 색도, 총 페놀 함량, 카페인, 클로로겐산 함량을 분석하였다. 총 페놀함량은 3.06~3.31%, 카페인 함량은 0.81~1.11%로 배전과정 중 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 브라질 커피의 클로로겐산 함량은 2.15%(약배전)에서 1.32%(강배전)으로 감소하였고, 에티오피아 커피의 클로로겐산 함량은 2.27%(약배전)에서 0.49%로 감소하였다. DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 약배전 시료와 강배전 시료간에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. GC를 기초로 한 전자코를 이용하여 배전 정도에 따른 향기패턴을 분석한 결과 향기패턴의 차이를 잘 구분할 수 있었다. 전자혀 분석기술을 이용하여 각기 달리 배전한 시료를 분석한 결과 신맛과 단맛은 배전이 진행됨에 따라 감소했다. 전자코와 전자혀 분석기술은 배전과정 중에 향기와 맛을 평가하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2012

All firms require new stimulus to spurt growth. Therefore it is necessary to successfully develop new products and to employ appropriate marketing practices for the new products to enter and settle in the market. Binggrae, a Korean company that specializes in dairy and processed dairy products, introduced a ready-to-drink (RTD) coffee product, 'a Café la' to expand its business into the coffee market in 2008. Binggrae was a latecomer in the RTD coffee market but a Café la has shown an impressive average sales growth rate of 115% as of 2011 since the launch. Moreover, it is a steady bestselling coffee brand among the Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)bottle category. Binggrae found potential and opportunity in the growing coffee market and made efforts to develop a new product that can be differentiated from the existing products. The result was PET bottle coffee, which was more portable and convenient to drink than coffee products offered in cups or cans. PET bottle coffee is produced through the patented Aseptic Filing System, thus the original coffee flavor stays fresh when combined with milk and has a longer shelf life than coffee products in cups. Moreover, as the taste of coffee consumers has become more sophisticated, Binggrae developed a premium product by differentiating the product processing method and by using higher-quality Arabica beans. After launching the new product, the company also employed a well-designed communication strategy. First, Binggrae was able to confirm the level of market demand and market potential for the product by employing BTL (Below the Line) marketing strategies through the consumers' word-of-mouth. Afterwards, the company invested its resources for a full-scale ATL (Above the Line) marketing campaign. Later a Café la's TV commercial effectively portrayed the product's characteristics, and succeeded in raising consumer awareness of the product. As a result, a Café la has become the bestselling brand in the PET bottle coffee market. The successful new product marketing strategy of Binggrae'sa Café la offers many valuable implications for companies planning to launch new products in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1179-1188
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• 2023

Escherichia coli, particularly multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, is a serious cause of healthcare-associated infections. Development of novel antimicrobial agents or restoration of drug efficiency is required to treat MDR bacteria, and the use of natural products to solve this problem is promising. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of dried green coffee (DGC) beans, coffee pulp (CP), and arabica leaf (AL) crude extracts against 28 isolated MDR E. coli strains and restoration of ampicillin (AMP) efficiency with a combination test. DGC, CP, and AL extracts were effective against all 28 strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5-50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25-100 mg/ml. The CP-AMP combination was more effective than CP or AMP alone, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index value of 0.01. In the combination, the MIC of CP was 0.2 mg/ml (compared to 25 mg/ml of CP alone) and that of AMP was 0.1 mg/ml (compared to 50 mg/ml of AMP alone), or a 125-fold and 500-fold reduction, respectively, against 13-drug resistant MDR E. coli strains. Time-kill kinetics showed that the bactericidal effect of the CP-AMP combination occurred within 3 h through disruption of membrane permeability and biofilm eradication, as verified by scanning electron microscopy. This is the first report indicating that CP-AMP combination therapy could be employed to treat MDR E. coli by repurposing AMP.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.146-156
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• 2023

Background: Endemic species are important components in the flora of most world regions. Most of these species have become threatened and exposed to extinction within the last few years. The present study aims to evaluate the ecosystem services offered by the endemic plant taxa in Egypt and the threats that affect them. Twenty-five field visits were conducted during summer 2018 to spring 2022 to several locations all over Egypt. In each location, the main habitats, national distribution, abundance, goods and threats were recorded. Results: Egypt has 41 endemic taxa belonging to 36 genera and 20 families inhabiting 10 main habitats. Rocky surfaces and sandy formations have the highest number of endemic species. The relation between the number of endemic taxa and the abundance categories indicated that 2 taxa are rare (4.9% of the total taxa), while the remaining were very rare (95%). The most represented offered good was the medicinal uses (32 taxa = 78%), while fuel plants were only represented by 2 taxa (2 taxa = 4.9%). Besides, 14 taxa (34.1% of the total studied taxa) have at least 1 environmental service. Soil fertility (7 taxa = 50%) was the most represented, followed by sand accumulations (6 taxa out of 14 taxa = 43%), while shading plant was the least (1 taxon = 7.1%) (Rosa arabica). The most represented threat is over-cutting and over-collecting (38 taxa = 92.7%), while mining and quarrying is the least represented (4 taxa = 9.8%). Conclusions: The potential and actual goods, services and threats of the endemic taxa were assessed as follows; field observation, information collected from local inhabitants and herbalists, and a literature review. The present study recommended planning a strategy about the importance, threats and conservation of endemic taxa in Egypt that would help in the protection and rescue of these plants and increase awareness about the importance of these plants.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.134-138
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• 2013

벤조피렌은 IARC에 의해 그룹 1로 분류된 다환방향족 탄화수소 유기물로서 불완전 연소 시 부산물로 발생되며 유전독성과 발암성이 강한 것으로 알려져 있다. 벤조피렌의 오염원은 매우 다양하여 환경오염 등으로 인해 조리 또는 가공과정에서 열분해 되어 생성되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 전 세계적으로 가장 널리 음용되고 있는 대표적인 기호음료인 원두커피 또한 생두를 볶는 과정에서 고온의 배전 과정을 거치는 제조공정을 감안할 때 벤조피렌이 생성될 가능성이 있어 본 연구에서는 생두의 종류와 로스팅 정도에 따른 원두커피분말과 원두커피 추출물의 색도 및 벤조피렌 함량을 조사하였다. Hunter scale의 L값과 b값은 배전이 진행될수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고 a값은 약배전 시까지는 증가하였다가 중, 강배전으로 진행될수록 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 벤조피렌의 검출한계(LOD)와 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.03과 $0.09{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 원두커피 분말의 벤조피렌 함량은 강배전의 조건에서 로스팅한 원두분말에서만 검출되었다. 생두를 강배전 조건으로 로스팅을 실시한 경우에는 $0.142{\sim}0.757{\mu}g/kg$의 함량을 보였고 중배전 및 약배전 조건의 커피분말과 원두커피 추출물 모두 불검출의 결과를 보였다. 이는 식품의약품안전청에서 식용유지에서 벤조피렌의 기준을 $2.0{\mu}g/kg$ 이하로 설정한 기준에 미치지 않는 안전한 수준이며, 원두의 로스팅 과정이 벤조피렌이 생성되는 고온에 미치지 못하고 열원방식이 직화식이 아닌 전기적인 열풍방식으로 이루어지기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.