• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.112-123
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• 2019

Objective: Based on the results of previous studies, it is necessary to analyze gait and discuss and present the effects of aquatic exercise for chronic stroke. The purpose of this study was to present objective data on the effect of aquatic exercise on the gait of persons with stroke by performing a meta-analysis. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of 23 studies that investigated the effects of aquatic exercise performed between 2006 and 2017. The studies were searched on the basis of the participants, intervention, comparison, outcomes standard. The quality of the research method was assessed using a tool that can assess the risks posed by each study design. A meta-analysis software program was used to calculate the mean effect size, effect size by intervention, and effect size by outcome. We also performed a meta-regression analysis and an analysis of publication bias. Results: The mean effect size of the patients' gait was 0.65 (p<0.05). The largest effect size by outcome was observed at the 6-m walk test, followed by the 6-minutes walk test, 10-m walk test, and the walking equipment test (p<0.05). The meta-regression analysis showed that the effect size increased with increased duration, number, and length of sessions. Conclusions: Aquatic exercise appears to show a moderate effect on the gait of chronic stroke survivors. Meta-analyses on the effects of aquatic exercise in other patient populations are needed. This study suggests standard criteria establishments for the effect of aquatic exercise on the walking ability of persons with chronic stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2011

Purpose: This study investigated the changes in body composition and serum lipid composition in obese women that were caused by a 12-week circuit exercise regime including both field and aquatic activities. Methods: Subjects comprised a total of 36 women who had a BMI of more than $25kg/m^2$. The simple obesity group (n=17) had no current or past record of medical complications, whereas the group with complications (n=19) also suffered from hypertension and/or diabetes. The circuit exercise program consisted of 12 weeks of 60%HRmax exercise sessions, five days a week. Results: While changes in every variable of body composition were significant, there was no statistically significant difference in the changes in serum lipid composition variables. With the exception of BMI, the correlation between the simple/complicated groups and exercising was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: These findings suggest that while a complex circuit weight exercise program that includes aquatic exercises significantly and positively alters obese patients' body composition it does not create statistically significant changes in their serum lipid composition. It can still be concluded, however, that increasing the duration of the exercise program would be effective to influence this. Moreover, personalized exercise programs that fit the needs of the individual participants seem necessary, given that the effect of exercise on body composition and serum lipid composition was greater in patients with simple obesity than in those with complications.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2023

Background: Despite the fact that aquatic exercise is one of the most popular alternative treatment methods for children with cerebral palsy (CP), there are few research regarding its effectiveness. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise on upper extremity function and postural control during reaching in children with CP. Methods: Ten participants (eight males and two females; 4-10 years; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II-IV) with spastic diplegia were recruited to this study. The aquatic exercise program consisted of four modified movements that were selected from the Halliwick 10-point program to enhance upper extremity and trunk movements. The participants attended treatment two times a week for 6 weeks, averaging 35 minutes each session. The Box and Block Test (BBT), transferring pennies in the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT), and pediatric reaching test (PRT) scores were used as clinical measures. Three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to collect and analyze kinematic data. Differences in BBT and BOT values among pre-treatment, post-treatment, and retention (after 3 weeks) were analyzed using a Friedman test. In addition, the PRT scores and variables (movement time, hand velocity, straightness ratio, and number of movement units) from the three-dimensional motion analysis were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The significance level was established at p < 0.05. When the results appeared to be statistically significant, a post-hoc test for multiple comparisons was performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: All clinical measures, which included BBT, transferring pennies of BOT, and PRT, were significantly increased between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores and between pre-intervention and retention scores after treatment (p = 0.001). Three-dimensional motion analysis mostly were significantly improved after treatment (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Aquatic exercise may help to improve body function, activity, and participation in children with varying types of physical disabilities.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of pain release through the four weeks aquatic exercise among the female subjects aged above 50 and who suffered from arthritis. Methods : The assessment was validated by blood analysis which measured the fluctuations of Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), C-reactive protein(CRP) and Rheumatoid factor(RF). Among the 50 subjects of this experiment, the control group has only taken a regular treatment from the clinic and the other experimental group has done aquatic exercise. The experimental group has practiced the aquatic exercise 50 minutes a day for one month excluding the weekends. Results : Blood analysis revealed that ESR was decreased in both the control group and the experimental group and the major effect of CRP was diminished only in the experimental group. No significance of RF was found in both the control group and the experimental group. Conclusion : These results indicate that the aquatic exercise is an effective treatment for arthritis that is compatible with the similar results from the previous studies. In line with this, the aquatic exercise program can provide an effective treatment and control of the disease with the arthritis patient. Accordingly, the regular basis aquatic exercise proved to be quite satisfactory treatment in this regard and we contend that it is vital for the arthritis patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was investigated to find the approach in the various method for patients with chronic low back pain. Methods : For research purposes that meet the search was focused papers. Treatments include PNF, chiropractic, joint mobilization, microcurrent, electroacupuncture, stabilizing exercise, resistance exercise, aquatic rehabilitation exercise, lumbar flexion and extension exercise were included as Gymball exercise. Results : Treatment with the three major manual therapy, electrical therapy and therapeutic exercise were divided. The result of applying manual therapy increased balance, increased strength, stability increased and decreased pain. The result of applying the electrical therapy increased flexibility, and decreased pain. The result of applying therapeutic exercise increases muscle strength, reduced pain, and decreased body fat. Conclusion : Previous studies by examining the effects of chronic low back pain treatment was intended to help in the selection and application Aquatic therapy, manual therapy, electrical therapy for patients with chronic low back pain with pain reduction was found to be effective.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to analyze the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern on muscular strength and flexibility in an aquatic environment. Methods: Ten members of the experimental group and 10 members of the control group were randomly selected from 20 college students who are in their 20s. Bilateral symmetry pattern among proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity patterns was applied in an aquatic environment in the experimental group three times per week for a period of six weeks, and a set consisted of 10 times, which was repeated 10 times. On the other hand, subjects in the control group did not receive any treatment while maintaining daily life. Muscular strength was measured using a dynamometer and electromyogram system for maximum voluntary isometric contraction of hip flexor, hip extensor, knee flexor, and knee extensor. Cervical flexibility was measured using cervical range of motion instrument for cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion. Lumbar flexibility was measured using back range of motion instrument II for lumbar flexion. Results: For the experimental group, significance was observed for hip flexor, extensor, knee flexor, extensor, cervical flexion, rotation, lateral flexion, and lumbar flexion. For the control group, no significance was observed for any other variables except for cervical flexion. As a result of observation of difference between the two groups, relatively high significance was observed in the experimental group, compared with the control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern had a positive effect on muscular strength and flexibility in an aquatic environment.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.243-251
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of aquatic and land dual-task training on balance, gait, and depression in chronic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 24 patients diagnosed with chronic stroke were the subjects. They were assigned to either the experimental group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 12). The experimental group performed aquatic dual-task training, while the control group performed land dual-task training. The aquatic and land dual-task training sessions were conducted once a day for 30 min, 5 days per week, for 6 weeks. Balance was measured using the Berg balance scale. Gait was measured using the Timed Up and Go Test. The Beck's Depression Inventory was used to measure depression. Results: Both the experimental and control groups showed significant differences in balance, gait, and depression after the intervention (p < 0.05) in the within-group comparisons. It was found that the experimental group showed more significant differences in balance, gait, and depression than the control group (p < 0.05) when the two groups were compared. Conclusion: It can be concluded that aquatic dual-task training effectively improved the balance ability, gait ability, and chronic stroke patients' depression based on these results.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aquatic exercise program on Gross motor function and lower limb control of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Method : The subjects of this study are children with spastic cerebral palsy; 2 patients who agreed with this research, were picked up. Subjects received aquatic exercise training for 6 weeks, which consists of 2 times per week, 30 min of working pattern with floating device for each session. Gross motor function and lower limb control for walking were measured GMFM and SCALE. The intervention were compared by measuring before and after. Result : In GMFM and SCALE of both subjects, the intervention has been improved after the experiment compared to their original status before the intervention. Conclusion : Therefore, the Aquatic exercise is effective in improvement of to improve the gross motor function and lower limb control in chidren with spastic cerebral palsy.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.73-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to discuss and analyze the change of GLUT-4 and muscle fiber type of streptozotocin(STZ)-diabetic rats over a period of 6 weeks. We divided into four groups; I(aquatic exercise and feeding of Cordyceps militaris; n=6), test group II(feeding of Cordyceps miliaris; n=6), test group III(aquatic exercise; n=6), control group IV(non-treatment; n=6). After experimenting we measured the blood glucose, body weight, muscle fiber type and GLUT-4 protein content. The change of glucose levels decreased greater in group I than the other group. The body weight gain was lower in the all groups. The change femoris muscle fiber type, the size of muscle fiber TypeII lessened more than the one of Type I in group IV. Decrease of muscle fiber size more diminishment in group I than the other group. GLUT-4 protein quantity decrease in group IV compared to normal group. It was significantly increased in group. I, III compared to group IV. But there was more increase in group I (p<.001). These results suggest that GLUT-4 and muscle fiber type II decrease in STZ-diabetic rats and that when we apply aquatic exercise and feeding of Cordyceps militaris in diabetic rats over a period 6 weeks, it is increase GLUT-4 and the increase of insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissue. So it is considered to be helpful in improvement of glucose homeostasis and in prevent from muscle atrophy resulted from complication.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns on body composition and balance performance in people who have had a stroke. Methods : Forteen candidates who have all experienced a stroke were participating in a community based rehabilitation program, have been included in this study. The program was conducted three times weekly, 1 hour per session, for 10 consecutive weeks. Subjects were tested with body composition and 5 items of Berg's balance test at pre-training and post-training. Total balance indexes in 3 conditions were measured by K.A.T. 3000. The aquatic exercise applied PNF patterns was consisted of PNF patterns and various aquatic activities. Results : After ten weekends of aquatic exercise training, there were not significant difference in body composition(p>.05) except of muscular weight of affected lower extremity(p<.05). But edema index increased more than pre-training (p<.05). Subjects showed significant difference in Berg's balance test results except of 2 items of Berg's balance test (p<.05). Total balance index score when subjects opened their eyes and didn't hold the handle was decreased less than pre-training(p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that intervention of this aquatic exercise program applied PNF patterns could increase edema index and muscular weight of affected lower extremity and improve the balance performance in people who have had a stroke.