• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2019

Due to the rapid global expansion of aquaculture industry during the past decades, production volume of aquatic organisms has accordingly grown. This has been accompanied by a rise in the incidence of diseases in aquatic organisms, leading to an increased use of aquatic medicines. While aquatic medicines are essential for the prevention and treatment of diseases of aquatic organisms, misuse can cause evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pose serious problems to the safety and hygiene of fisheries products. In this study, we surveyed and compared, by analyzing data compiled by all national control centers for aquatic animal diseases in South Korea, to estimate the amount of aquatic medicines sold in different regions between 2012 through 2015. Since we also examined the marketing routes of aquatic medicines, this basic data can be utilized for policy implementation to improve drug safety. In the future research, however, it will be clearly necessary to estimate directly the amounts of drugs actually applied to aquaculture organisms. The current sales figure data should be helpful for preparation of an effective system for aquatic drug use management.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.397-414
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• 2021

The steady growth in population has led to an enhanced water demand and immense pressure on water resources. Pharmaceutical residues (PRs) are unused or non-assimilated medicines found in water supplies that originate from the human and animal consumption of antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics etc. These have been detected recently in sewage effluents, surface water, ground water and even in drinking water. Due to their toxicity and potential hazard to the environment, humans and aquatic life, PRs are now categorized as the emerging contaminants (ECs). India figures in the top five manufacturers of medicines in the world and every third pill consumed in the world is produced in India. Present day conventional wastewater treatment methods are ineffective and don't eliminate them completely. The use of nanotechnology via advanced oxidation processes (AOP) is one of the most effective methods for the removal of these PRs. Present study is aimed at reviewing the presence of various PRs in water supplies and also to describe the process of AOP to overcome their threat. This study is also very important in view of World Health Organization report confirming more than 30 million cases of COVID-19 worldwide. This will lead to an alleviated use of antibiotics, antipyretics etc. and their subsequent occurrence in water bodies. Need of the hour is to devise a proper treatment strategy and a decision thereof by the policymakers to overcome the possible threat to the environment and health of humans and aquatic life.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2009

This study were conducted to investigate the effects of several additives in experimental diets on the growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish. Three replicates of juveniles (3.6 g/fish) and two replicates growers (166 g/fish) were fed the experimental diets containing herb medicines mixture, Artemisia asiatica and Epimedium koreanum for 8 weeks. Dietary supplementation with herb medicines mixture had no beneficial effects on growth and feed utilization of juvenile fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, condition factor and hepatosomatic index of grower fish fed the diet were not affected by dietary additive (P>0.05). Peed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of grower fish fed the diet containing herb medicines mixture were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05), but not significantly different from fish fed the diet containing A. asiatica and E. koreanum (P>0.05). Proximate analysis of whole body, muscle, viscera and liver in the juvenile and grower were not affected by dietary additives (P>0.05). The results of this study suggest that feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of grower rockfish may improved by herb medicines mixture supplementation in the diet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.173-177
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• 2004

The acute toxicities of two major anti-pathogenic veterinary medicines, i.e., ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, and six benzimidazole anthelmintics, i.e., albendazole, thiabendazole, flubendazole, febantel, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole, were evaluated with a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and invertebrate Daphnia magna. These veterinary medical products have been widely used for farm animals, but their impact on aquatic fauna has seldom been investigated. In general, daphnids responded as much as 3 orders of magnitude more sensitively to the tested pharmaceuticals than the microbes. For Daphnia, the most toxic product among the tested anthelmintics was fenbendazole, followed by flubendazole > albendazole ${\approx}$ febantel > thiabendazole > oxfendazole. Daphnids' EC50 values obtained from 48 to 96 hrs of fenbendazole exposure ranged from 2.7 to 6.3 ug/L. The mixture toxicity of the test pharmaceuticals was generally additive in nature and was well predicted by a concentration addition model. Using the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) of the benzimidazole derivatives estimated from this study, and predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of these pharmaceuticals, the risk quotients of each anthelmintics were calculated. Most of the test anthelmintic compounds resulted in risk quotients greater than 1. Especially, risk quotient for fenbendazole was 2,791, which strongly indicates this compound might cause severe ecological consequences, should no future action be taken. This study is the first report on the aquatic toxicities and potential ecological risk of major anthelmintic and antimicrobial veterinary products in Korea. The result of this study provides information necessary for conducting more detailed ecological risk assessment of pharmaceutical products in ambient water and guiding proper management decision.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.189-201
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• 2022

Jellyfish is an emerging aquaculture species, farmed for Oriental cuisines and nutraceutical ingredients. This study aimed to examine antioxidative and antimicrobial potentials of various fractions of the jellyfish, Acromitus hardenbergi. The bell and oral arms of the jellyfish were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CHCl₃), methanol (MeOH), and water (H₂O) to extract its bioactive in an increasing polarity gradient. Test fractions were assayed for antiradical activities using electron spin resonance spectrometry, β-carotene-linoleate model and Folin-Ciocalteu assay; and antimicrobial activity against 2 Gram-negative bacteria, 4 Gram-positive bacteria and 2 fungal species using the disc diffusion assay. All fractions were also subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis to identify types of functional groups present. It was found that the hydrophilic extracts (H₂O fractions) possessed the most effective radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05) while the lipophilic extracts (PE fractions) the most active antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria (p < 0.05). Total oxidation substrates content was found to be highest in the PE fractions of jellyfish bell and oral arms (p < 0.05). FTIR data showed that the H₂O and MeOH fractions contains similar functional groups including -OH, -C=O, -N-H and -S=O groups, while the PE, DCM, and CHCl₃ fractions, the -CH₃, -COOH groups. This study showed that A. hardenbergi contains antioxidants and antimicrobials, thereby supporting the traditional claim of the jellyfish as an anti-aging and health-promoting functional food. Bioassay-guided fractionation approach serves as a critical milestone for the strategic screening, purification, and elucidation of therapeutically significant actives from jellyfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2014

The antibacterial activities of methanol extracts of 19 commercial herbal medicines were measured against the fish pathogens Vibrio ichthyoenteri and Streptococcus iniae, which cause several fish diseases. Rhus javanica showed the strongest antibacterial activity against V. ichthyoenteri and S. iniae. The methanol extract of R. javanica was extracted further using several organic solvents with different polarities. The extract from the ethyl acetate fraction showed strong activity against both fish pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the R. javanica extract was $32{\mu}g/mL$ for V. ichthyoenteri and $128{\mu}g/mL$ for S. iniae. Further purification and isolation of the active compound (s) responsible for these activities and further study of the synergistic effect using combinations of antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria are needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.678-682
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• 2016

Antibacterial activity of 80% methanol extract from 13 commercial herb medicines was measured against fish pathogens Streptococcus iniae, causing several diseases in various kind of fish. Siegesbeckia pubescens showed the strongest antibacterial activity against S. iniae. Methanol extract of S. pubescens was further extracted using several organic solvents having different polarity. Extract from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction showed strong activity. Minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC of S. pubescens extract was measured and resulted showing 8 μg/mL with n-hexane fraction and 32 μg/mL with ethyl acetate fraction against S. iniae. The growth of S. iniae was fully inhibited by adding 50 μg/mL (final concentration) of n-hexane or ethyl acetate fraction in the liquid media. It is needed that, from these results, purification and isolation of responsible active compound(s) of these activities and further study on the synergy effect using combination with commercial antibiotics against fish pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 2006

Fluoroquinoles have a wide range of antimicrobial properties and are effective in the treatment of bacterial diseases in fish. The use of fluoroquinoles continues to grow steadily. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are probably the most important class used among synthetic antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines because of their broad activity spectrum and good oral absorption. This study was conducted to estimate the residue of antibiotics in four species of farmed fishes, including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (Pagrus major), and sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), collected from fish farms located in the southern coastal area of Korea. The residues of fluoroquinolones were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Residuals of five fluoroquinolones in muscle tissue of farmed fish were analyzed. We found that enrofloxacin was the most common agent in fish muscle, and that ciprofloxacin was the next most common. The range of detected concentrations of fluoroquinolones in olive flounder muscle was 0-0.859 mg/kg in 32.6% of all samples. Enrofloxacin was commonly detected in sea bass muscle at a range of 0-0.143 mg/kg in 38.9% of all samples. Fluoroquinolones were detected in 6.9% of black rock fish muscle and in 16.6% of sea bream, although the detected concentration was below 0.01 mg/kg. The maximum detection value of enrofloxacin and ofloxacin in olive flounder at the time of shipping was 0.102 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively; no other antimicrobials were detected. We detected no antimicrobial substances in red sea bream.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.112-122
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• 1973

Philometroides carassii (ISHII, 1931) is a parasitic nematode of Carassius auratus and gold fish. Recently a large number of parasitized fishes by this nematode have been reported by fish farmers in Korea. The present investigation was aimed to find out the life cycles of the parasites and effects of chemotherapeutic medicines on the emerged larvae from the adult parasites. Results of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Intermediate host of p. cararsii is a freshwater copepod, Cyclops sp. and the invaded lavae in the body cavity of copepod are capable for parasitizing the fish host after 3 hours of invasion. 2. The lavae eaten directly by the fish host are digested or excreted. 3. The larvae invaded in the fish intestine through the intermediate host pass into the body cavity in 1 to 10 days, and become subadult stage. After 18 to 20 months the subadults parasitic in the body cavity of the Carassius auratus, penetrate through muscle fissile into tile caudal fin where they become adults. Whereas those parasitic in the body cavity of the gold fish, 7 to 8 months the sutadults penetrate through muscle tissue into the caudal fin where they become adults. 1. Male subadults found in the body cavity of the Carassius auratus and gold fish, were larger than females, This is the first record of male subadults occurring in the fish host. 5. Among four different :drugs tested, most of all larvae died in 4 ppm of dipterex in 5 days. But no adults were harmed even in 6 ppm dipterex in 11 days.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1278-1295
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• 2014

The Sixteenth Meeting of the Conferences of Parties of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which was held in March 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand, listed five shark species and one genus, and uplisted one sawfish species. All new species listings will be come into force of the eighteen months delay, on the fourteenth of September, 2014. The purpose of the delay is to support the preparation of the domestic measures on shark trade by the parties, as there has been no previous experience in trading the commercially exploited aquatic species in the CITES. The CITES Secretary-General has visited several potential shark trade countries to encourage and facilitate the implementation of the new CITES listings. The newly listed sharks have been caught as a target or non-target species by Korean distant water fisheries and introduced into Korea. So the establishment or change of the domestic laws, regulations, and measures for the implementation of the new CITES species must be prepared before the effective entry date. This paper is prepared to assess the effects of the trade of the CITES listed shark species, and to suggest effective government service measures for the management of Korean distant water fisheries. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is the general Management Authority of the CITES, and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is in charge of the medical trade of CITES listed species in Korea. By law, all imported medicines and medical materials must be inspected by the MFDS during the customs examination; this kind of authority sharing is reasonable and effective way of providing government service. Similarly, the designation of new CITES Management Authority for the trade of commercially exploited aquatic CITES species is critical and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), which is now in charge of the trade of fisheries products, is the most appropriate governing body for this purpose in Korea. The revision of the National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sharks, initially submitted to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in 2011 as a practical guideline for shark conservation in all Korean fisheries, could be a effective measure to achieve unification of conservation of endangered species and sustainable use of fisheries stocks. The proper CITES measures for the trade of listed species, such as the establishment of the documenting system for Non-detriment Findings, domestic measures suitable for the "Introduction from the Sea" clause, species specific Harmonized System Codes for the customs service, and an effective shark catch data reporting system should be in place prior to the fourteenth of September 2014.