• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.603-614
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• 2022

The main intent of this paper is to prove an existence and uniqueness fixed point result under Geraghty contractions in b-metric-like spaces, which remains an extended version of corresponding results in b-metric spaces and metriclike spaces. Using two types of Geraghty contractions, an approach is adopted to verify some fixed point results in b-metric-like spaces. Our main result is an extension of an earlier result given by Geraghty in b-metric-like-space. An example is also provided to demonstrate the validity of our main result. Moreover, as an application of our main result, the existence of solution of a Fredholm integral equation is established which may further be utilized to study the seismic response of dams during earthquakes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.24-34
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the planning characteristics of contemporary Japanese elementary schools. Fifteen schools, that have new planning trends or design ideas have been selected and analyzed. The planning characteristics of schools identified by plan analyses are summarized as follows. First, space programs of schools are diverse, especially in support facilities, gymnasiums and auditoriums. These spaces can be used by community members. So it is assumed that needs of communities are reflected in space programs of schools. Second, various types of unit learning spaces consisting of multipurpose spaces and classrooms embodied in case schools tell the differentiation in the structure of unit learning spaces. Third, grouped with gymnasiums or auditoriums, special instructional spaces constitute community zones where school facilities are open to public. Fourth, replacing the monotonous circulation systems by corridors, multipurpose hall-type space organization systems make surrounding spaces more activated and complex and the multipurpose hall itself becomes the central part of schools. Finally, outdoor spaces are designed to have convenient access and approach zones to school precincts are linked with city street.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.838-842
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• 2007

In this paper, we define that a fuzzy convergence approach limit and a fuzzy approach Chuchy structure on X. And we investigate the relations between the category CAP and the category FCAP. And we show that the categories $FCAP_{RC}$ and $uFACHY_{cpl}$ are isomorphic.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 1995

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.385-402
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• 2021

The geometry of Poincaré disk itself is interpreted without any mapping to different spaces. Our approach might be one of the shortest and is intended for educational contribution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.156-165
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• 2005

A new heuristic algorithm for the heterogeneous single container loading problem is proposed in this paper, This algorithm fills empty spaces with the homogeneous load-blocks of identically oriented boxes and splits residual space into three sub spaces starting with an empty container. An initial loading pattern is built by applying this approach recursively until all boxes are exhausted or no empty spaces are left. In order to generate alternative loading patterns, the load-blocks of pattern determining spaces are replaced with the alternatives that were generated on determining the load-blocks. An improvement algorithm compares these alternatives with the initial pattern to find improved one. Numerical experiments with 715 test cases show the good performance of this new algorithm, above all for problems with strongly heterogeneous boxes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

The trend emphasizes children-oriented, play-oriented ecological education programs for children's ecological education. And most of these nature -friendly and eco-friendly education takes place outdoors. Therefore, outdoor space planning is important in childcare facilities. This case study aims to analyze the actual conditions of outdoor spaces in daycare centers and to provide standard data for outdoor space planning. In order to provide basic data on the improvement direction and planning standards of outdoor spaces, this present study conducted the composition, utilization status and related problems of outdoor spaces for nature -friendly ecological education in childcare facilities. Accordingly, outdoor space planning for ecological education should consider outdoor space characteristics such as free and easy accessibility between indoor and outdoor spaces, openness of space, flexibility, dynamic/static space, and nature affinity. Therefore, for an ecological education environment, children should be able to freely approach nature and play in the natural environment without any restrictions and artificial controls. Also, in urban areas, natural environment such as parks and open spaces should be considered as outdoor play spaces for children.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

This study was conducted by the awareness that although interior spaces using the techniques and characteristics of assemblage are excellent means to reveal distinctiveness and identity with preeminent originality which are different from other spaces, there are few domestic studies and literatures on them. The results analyzed by preceding studies and cases on the characteristics of expression of assemblage which appear in the interior spaces of commercial areas can be summarized as follows; First, assemblage expresses identity of spaces with symbols capable of multiple interpretations through the method of integration and repetition of the materials used. Second, it strongly reminds visitors of memories on spaces by producing odd and unfamiliar scenes with such designs as installation art. Third, when it uses ordinary materials, it adds combination, integration, transformation or colors to the materials for extraordinary traits. Fourth, it pursues sustainability through recycling or upcycling by using wastes or natural materials. Fifth, in order to express materials to fit the purposes of spaces, it formulates outcomes with intentional plans. To sum up above analysis results, expressions of assemblage which appear in modern commercial spaces are characterized by expression of symbols with multiple meanings, purse formativeness which fit the purposes and meanings of spaces, play the role of reminding memories on places by producing extraordinary spaces with strangeness and unfamiliarity such as installation art and sometimes show sustainability by using recyclable materials. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as reference materials which suggest directions of approach to interior spaces through assemblage techniques and materials which can be used in various design terms by domestic designers.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.579-592
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• 2022

Much controversy has been generated over whether the ecological restoration project in Korea is faithful to the basic approach of ecological restoration compared to projects aimed at creating parks or green spaces. This study was aimed at understanding the level of awareness of practitioners in the planting design method, which is recognized as relatively important in landscape architecture and ecological restoration. The proficiency of practitioners in planting design techniques for ecological restoration projects was investigated and analyzed in seven areas: overall planting design awareness, plant species selection method, planting tree sizes, planting density, use of native species, vegetation climatic zone, soil environment, and weed control. There was no statistically significant difference between the group who thought they were experts in the field of ecological restoration and the group who thought they were experts in the field of parks and green spaces. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the degree of work performance, that is, the group whose main industry was ecological restoration, the group that performed relatively more ecological restoration work, and the group that rarely performed it. Therefore, to apply desirable ecological restoration techniques in the future and to clearly differentiate between the approach in the field of parks and green spaces, the appropriate tree size or planting density selected in the ecological restoration planting design stage must be chosen. To this end, the awareness of expert groups must be improved and related laws, systems, and guidelines must be revised.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2022

Population growth in cities increases the need for service facilities and different urban spaces, and the organism of the city undergoes profound changes. One of the main problems that endanger the physical environment of the city due to this turmoil is the lack of public spaces and cultural complexes that increase individual and social pollution and on the other hand make leisure facilities available to the public. It severely limits people and, ultimately, the flourishing of individual and social artistic tastes. Thus, dealing with an issue called cultural complex has special importance and is one of the most basic categories in the field of architecture and urban planning, so dealing with it must be done in a measured, comprehensive and accurate manner. Cultural shock results from the immersion of an unprepared traveler in a foreign culture. In other words, human connection with people, objects, places, organizations and institutions, thoughts and the world of information will be constantly becoming more unstable and diverse. As a result, there is a need to create places for information or, in a central sense, to acquire up-to-date knowledge that requires information in the fields of human individual and social life. Spaces and places are all kinds of media tools from gramophone records to cassettes, CDs, newspapers, magazines, Internet books, etc. Each person can use them according to his needs and work.