• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.6 no.1 s.20
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

There are increasing needs to provide sufficient information on road directions through road signs for expanding cities and traffic networks. Improving efficiency of direction guidance information from road signs not only requires criteria for but also systematic approach to selecting place names that appear on road signs. As such, this paper looks at road direction information from existing road signs that leads to Suwon and investigates whether the current system of road signs provides efficient, systematic and continuous direction information for road users to easily reach their destination. In this paper, Suwon's city hall is set up as the final destination, which is linked from five other cities, Anyang, Osan, Ansan, Yongin and Seongnam. The paper attempts to find out whether there is continuity and suitable number of road signs for direction information by analyzing the road signs between these 5 cities and Suwon with respect to direction, direction advance notice and direction guidance. It is found that drivers cannot easily find the needed information on their destination from the existing road signs and that continuity of selected place names that systematically appear on road signs is insufficiency. In addition, direction guidance on road signs is problematic, because the appearance frequency of road signs is not adequate and the continuity of road signs is not effective. Moreover, there is insufficient information on local direction guidance for immediate destinations on road signs with respect to turning left or right or going straight.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this work was to investigate the hospital nursing care of oral and maxillofacial health in jeju province. Methods: 438 Registered nurses(RN) who were working at each of secondary hospitals in Jeju province had responded to the questionnaire. The data were analyzed via frequency analyses and one-way ANOVA to assess the state of RN on hospital nursing care of oral and maxillofacial health. Results: The class of education on density in formal density that marked '0 hour' and '1-3 hours' were 73.5% and 19.9%, respectively. The class of refresher training on density that marked '0 hours' and '1-3 hours' were 92.9% and 6.6%, aggregately 99.5%. The nursing education on appearance after tumor of maxillofacial area that marked 'formal education' and 'none' were 45.2% and 52.1%, respectively. The score of question 'function, effect and side effect of hexamedin gaggle' was $2.68{\pm}0.95$ by Likert 5-point scale. Likewise, the scores were $2.82{\pm}0.88$ on question 'management of removal denture', $2.83{\pm}0.95$ on question 'preventive dental treatment before anticancer therapy', $2.88{\pm}0.86$ on question 'function of saliva', $2.96{\pm}0.99$ on question 'oral management of tube feeding patient', $3.13{\pm}1.00$ on question 'bacterial endocarditis from oral microflora', $3.36{\pm}0.89$ on question 'dysphagia' and $3.62{\pm}1.03$ on question 'aspiration pneumonia'. RN replied that 'lack of knowledge' and 'delay of cooperation' formed 53.7% and 33.3% respectively, on question 'problem in dental consultation other diseased patient'. Conclusions: From this study, it is necessary for RN and student of nursing science to be educated on the oral and maxillofacial nursing. Authors suggest further co-study and nation-wide research.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.242-257
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• 2003

This study surveyed an ecosystem conservation area that is wetland area to establish ecological restoration and preservation plan. Monitoring standard have been set up item, method, period, number of times etc. Result that examine according to monitoring standard, Plant field investigated Flora, actual vegetation. Flora is 132 taxa(39 family 116 species 19 variety 1 forma) appeared and wild species were 85 species, and introduced species were 47 species. Grasped monthly(April∼September) actual vegetation, swampy plant community influence were increase and influence of Persicaria thunbergii was big situation specially. Frequency appearance of naturalized plant is much on field. Animal field investigated Birds, Herpetofauna, Insecta. Birds were appeared 34 species 378 individual and Herpetofauna were appeared 4 species 5 individual and insecta investigated 11 order 52 family 153 species. Inorganic environmental field investigated groundwater level, quality of water, soil quality. Groundwater level is high by 0.0∼89.0cm, $Ca^{++}$ content is some high by 2.18∼13.73cmol/kg in soil. Also we suggested basis direction and each space details plan on monitoring as follow : wetland ecosystem restoration plan, eruption area restoration plan, forest ecosystem restoration plan.n.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1994

Presently there is an increasing demand for home health care services due to changes in the demographic structure as a result of an increasing elderly population, socio-economic improvements, and changes in the family structure, as well as the growing number of people with degenerative diseases. In addition to these reasons, rising medical costs and there a shortage of patient beds space in the hospital, particularly since introduction of national medical insurance. There has been an increasing demand for health care health care services. This study was done to identify the basic data for home health care management. It focused on developing client selection criteria, assessment tools, and recording methods. This was accomplished by the researchers visiting the patients in their homes. The research process included preparation investigation, tool development, training of the project researcher, and visiting the clients in their homes. The research tools are as follows : 1. Record development : a) The selection criteria tool for home health care of postpartum women was a structured tool and consisted of four parts. b) The structured assessment tool consisted of a general items, obstetric history, past medical history, methods of feeding, medications taken before admission, laboratory test results, discharge instructions, discharge medications, family tree, economic status, environmental status, a map, health assessment of postpartum women and their newborns. c) The visit note I consisted of the frequency of visits. Visit note II consisted of the date ; nursing problems ; nursing process including the initial assessment ; nursing goal ; visit plan ; postpartum women and their neonate health status, diagnosis, goal, implementation, evaluation, summary, next plan, for visit revision. d) Problem note consisted of the date, problem numbers, nursing diagnosis, problem appearance date problem resolution date. The research results are as follows : 1. Nursing problems : The nursing problems of the postpartum women and their neonates were evaluated by the number of nursing diagnoses and the change in the pattern of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. a) Nursing diagnosis The nursing diagnosis was classified according to physical function, psychosocial function, family system maintained function. b) The changes of nursing diagnosis related to the number of visits. As the type of nursing diagnosis changed related to the number of visits the number of nursing diagnoses decreased. 2. Contents of home health care : The content was categorized according to assessment, direct care, counseling, education, family care, reporting to with the attending doctor. The recommendations based on the research results are as follows : 1. Tool development Replication of this study is needed to test the validity of the assessment tools used. 2. Home visit a) Home health care nurses should be licensed and qualified. A referral form from the attending doctor is needed for legal protection of nurses. b) The first home visit need to be within 24 hours of discharge from the hospital to decrease the anxiety of frightened postpartum women. c) When the changes occur in the newborn's status, home health care nurses should consult a pediatrician. Communication within the home healthcare team is essential and needs to consistent and done smoothly. 3. Home health care A Study is required to develop protocols for education of staff and for operation of all aspects of this program.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2005

1. Objectives The purpose of this study lies on the objectification of the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis. This study was analyzing the constitutional characteristic of adult men voices by PSSC-2004. 2. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 231 adult men voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 231 was composed with 5 Taeyangins, 32 Soyangins, 102 Taeumins and 92 Soeumins. The under 55 years old group was composed with 4 Taeyangins, 23 Soyangins, 83 Taeumins and 77 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 1 Taeyangin, 9 Soyangins, 19 Taeumins and 15 Soeumins. 3. Results 1) In total group, the Soeumin's mean value of center pitch(4)$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.034). 2) In total group, the Soeumin's group 3 APQ was significantly low compared with the others (P=0.042). 3) In under 55 year-old group, the Soeumin's center value of center pitch 4$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.025) 4) In over 55 year-old group, no statistical significance was found between the Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soeumin. 4. Conclusions In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's voice showed high pitched sound (clearness) at the low frequency (1000-2000Hz). In over 55 year-old group, there is no significant differences. This fits in with that 'Soeumin's voice is 'Yu-tone' born by 'Shang-tone', very short and high.' 'Yu-tone' corresponds to 'Ra' and witch is highest among Gong, Shang, Gao, Chi and Yu. This is related with the appearance that the Soeumin's voice is weak, thin and high tone. Therefore it is supposed that Soeumin adult men's voices are thick, and there are vibrations of the ending. It is accepted one of the Soeumin's characters like as a mild tremor of limbs and deep breath caused by Soeumin's Qi-deficiency. This outcome accords with the theory that Soeumin's Qi is less than the Other constitutions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.2559-2562
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• 2009

The lattice vibration and crystal structure of alkaline earth metal-substituted $RuSr_{1.9}A_{0.1}GdCu_{2}O_{8}$ (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) have been investigated with micro-Raman spectroscopy. The present $RuSr_{1.9}A_{0.1}GdCu_{2}O_{8}$ materials show not only several weak Raman peaks corresponding to the vibrations of $O_{Cu}$ and $O_{Ru}$ but also strong characteristic phonon lines related to $O_{Sr}$ vibration mode. A comparison between the frequency of $O_{Sr}$ vibration and the bond distances of (Ru$O_{Sr}$) and (Cu‒$O_{Sr}$) in the present ruthenocuprates reveals that the vibration energy of $O_{Sr}$ is mainly dependent on the bond distance of (Ru‒$O_{Sr}$). The peak splitting of the $O_{Sr}$ phonon lines was observed for the unsubstituted $RuSr_{1.9}A_{0.1}GdCu_{2}O_{8}$, suggesting the existence of two different (Ru‒$O_{Sr}$) bond distances. Such a peak splitting caused by the appearance of low-energy shoulder reflects the presence of internal charge transfer pathway from the $RuO_2$ plane to the superconductive $CuO_2$ one. After the substitution of Sr with Ca or Ba, the low-energy shoulder peak of $O_{Sr}$ vibration becomes suppressed, underscoring the depression of internal charge transfer between the $RuO_2$ and $CuO_2$ planes. The weakened role of $RuO_2$ layer as charge reservoir in the $RuSr_{1.9}A_{0.1}GdCu_{2}O_{8}$8 (A = Ca, Ba) would be responsible for the depression of $T_c$ upon the Ca/Ba substitution.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.395-404
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• 2005

A project has recently begun to reintroduce endangered Asiatic black bears to the Jirisan National Park. However, information on home range that is necessary to maintain the Minimum Viable Population (MVP) of those bears does not exist. Based on point data of two bears that were released for trial in Jirisan in 2001, we identified the movement pattern of bears and estimated their home ranges with two different methods Finally, the possibility of conserving the MVP of bears was evaluated by comparing the location and size of the home range with habitats which have been found to be suitable for bears. The frequency of bears' appearance reduced drastically as road densities of both paved roads and legal trails increased. The midpoint of home ranges of the two bears was 376.85 $km^2$ and 50.76 $km^2$ based on 100% MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon) and 95% AK (Adaptive Kernel Home Range Method), respectively, with an overlapped area of 126.0 $km^2$ and 3.99 $km^2$ each. The core areas of their home ranges are located not in the no-entry zone, where major trails were open to the public - despite being designated as no -entry zone - but in areas where most trails were closed to the public. A discrepancy between core areas of home ranges and potentially suitable habitats suggests the effects of vehicles and tracking people through roads within the park. Thus, for the success of in situ conservation of endangered bears, well-planned management of habitats is needed to protect bears and to ensure the home ranges to support the MVP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2009

This research investigated the characteristics of antibiotic resistance of bacteria in microbial communities from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs), and monitored seasonal changes of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) from MWTPs and Han river. When antibiotics were amended to either R2A agar (R2A) for general heterotrophs or MacConeky sorbitol agar (MSA) for coliform bacteria, all the MWTP samples exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance on the antibiotic-amended solid media. The antibiotic resistance appearing frequencies of ampicillin and sulfathiazole, respectively, were higher than reported data for other countries. The antibiotic resistance appearances differed depending upon the concentrations of primary substrate and nutrients and the types of cultivation media. The following 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified multiple-antibiotic resistant microbes on R2A plates were more likely to be known human-pathogenic bacteria than the background heterotrophic bacteria were, suggesting a high risk of antibiotic resistance appearance to public health. In addition, according to our investigation of seasonal changes of ARB from urban MWTP and river samples, the frequency of ARB appearances was shown to correlate positively with temperature. This indicates a possibility that global warming result in increase in microbial risk to public health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.756-766
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• 2001

A phytosociological study on the community structure was carried out in the evergreen broad-leaved forests around Baegunbong area in Wando from June to August, 2000. A total of 31 plots, the size of which was $10m{\times}30m$, were set up in the study area. Cluster analysis for the total 54 tree species appearing in the 31 plots, showed that forest community cloud be classified into 5 groups, such as : Quercus acuta community, Quercus acuta-Camellia japonica community, Quercus acuta-Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community, Quercus acuta-Evergreen Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community, Quereus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community. The species of high appearance frequency ratio in 31 plots were Quercus acuta, Camellia japonica, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Cinnamomum japonicum, Sapium japonicum and Acer psuedo-sieboldianum. Dominant tree species were covered with Quercus acuta, Styrax japonica, Prunus sargentii, Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus serrata, and Quercus acuta, Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Cinnamomum japonicum and Sapium japonicum at sub-canopy. The forest vegetation in the surveyed area except the summit of Baegunbong will be proceeding with Quercus acuta community. The species diversity of Quercus acuta community, Quercus acuta-Camellia japonica community, Quercus acuta-Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community, Quercus acuta-Evergreen Deciduous broad-leaved tree species community, and Quercus acuta-Carpinus tschonoskii community were 0.687, 0.866, 0.933, 0.966, and 1.018, respectively. The species diversity of Quercus acuta community was rather low.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was 1) to classify university student's attitudes toward sex, 2) to confirm the effects of sexuality course on sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude in university student s. Method : The subjects in this study were 212 K university students in Kangwon Province between 3/7/2001 $\sim$ 6/13/2001. The instruments used for this study were the general characteristics, sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, Factor analysis and Cronbach's $\alpha$ using the SPSS program. Result : 1. University students' attitude toward sex are divided into three types. Type I are called open mined : 16, 33, 28, 10, 18, 2, 30, 25, 26, 27, 22, 19, 29, 21, 9, 5 items. Type II are supporters of virginal purity : 8, 6, 31, 17, 14, 33 items. Type III express love through sexual intercourse : 20, 24, 7, 3, 15, 32 items. 2. There was a significant difference in the appearance and occupational characteristics of sex-role stereotypes before and after the sexuality course (t=2.562, p<.05). 3. In Type III, there was a significant difference in sexual attitude before and after the sexuality course (t=3.576, p<.0001). 4. The data showed the relationships between type III of sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes (r=-.3 15, p<.0001). 5. Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by age, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex edu cat ion an d experience of sexual intercourse. Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by gender and experience of sexual intercourse. 6. Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by maj or (type I), age, grade, experience of military service and experience of sexual intercourse (type II), age, grade, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex education and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by religion and major(type I), age and grade(type II), age, grade, gender, religion and experience of sexual intercourse. Conclusion : This study showed that a sexuality course was effect ive in changing the sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude of university students.