• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maize source and complex enzymes containing amylase, xylanase and protease on performance and nutrient utilization of broilers. The experiment was a $4{\times}3$ factorial design with diets containing four source maize samples (M1, M2, M3, and M4) and without or with two kinds of complex enzyme A (Axtra XAP) and B (Avizyme 1502). Nine hundred and sixty day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in the trial (12 treatments with 8 replicate pens of 10 chicks). Birds fed M1 diet had better body weight gain (BWG) and lower feed/gain ratio compared with those fed M3 diet and M4 diet (p<0.05). Apparent ileal crude protein digestibility coefficient of M2 was higher than that of M3 (p<0.05). Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn) of M1 were significant higher than those of M4 (p<0.05). Supplementation of the basal diets with enzyme A or B improved the BWG by 8.6% (p<0.05) and 4.1% (p>0.05), respectively. The fresh feces output was significantly decreased by the addition of enzyme B (p<0.05). Maize source affects the nutrients digestibility and performance of broilers, and a combination of amylase, xylanase and protease is effective in improving the growth profiles of broilers fed maize-soybean-rapeseed-cotton mixed diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1016-1025
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to determine energy and nutrient digestibility in four sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from corn and fed to growing pigs. The objective was to test the hypothesis that energy and nutrient digestibility in DDGS does not vary if samples are procured from ethanol plants that use similar production technologies and use corn that is grown within a narrow geographical area. The four sources of DDGS that were used were procured from ethanol plants that were less than 10 yr old and located within 250 km of each other. In Exp. 1, five growing barrows (initial BW = 71.4 kg) that were fitted with a T-canula in the distal ileum were allotted to a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design and used to measure apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA in the four sources of DDGS. Results of this experiment showed that the SID of CP and all AA except Cys and Pro were greater (p<0.05) in two of the DDGS sources than in the other two sources. Exp. 2 was conducted to measure the concentration of DE and ME and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy, N, P, ether extract, NDF, and ADF in corn and in the same four sources of DDGS as used in Exp. 1. Five pigs (initial BW = 29.7 kg) that were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design were used. Results of Exp. 2 showed that the average DE and ME in DDGS were 4,072 and 3,750 kcal/kg DM, respectively, which was less (p<0.01) than the DE and ME in corn (4,181 and 4,103 kcal/kg DM, respectively). The average ATTD for P in DDGS was 56.1%, which was greater (p<0.01) than the ATTD for P in corn (31.9%). The ATTD for ADF in DDGS was also greater (p<0.05) than in corn, but the ATTD for ether extract and NDF were greater (p<0.05) in corn than in DDGS. It is concluded that energy and nutrient digestibility vary among sources of DDGS even when the DDGS is procured from ethanol plants that use corn grown within a narrow geographical region. Thus, factors other than corn growing region are responsible for the variability of energy and nutrient digestibility in DDGS.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 옥수수와 대두박 배합사료에서의 직접법 또는 간접법으로 구한 조단백질 소화율을 비교하는 것과 조단백질 소화율의 가산성을 평가하는 것이다. 총 525수의 18일령 육계를 공시하여 체중을 기준으로 7개의 그룹으로 나눈 후, 6개의 처리구를 각 그룹에 난괴법으로 배치하였다. 기초사료(사료3)는 옥수수 65%와 대두박 28%를 포함하게 배합하였고, 사료1과 사료5는 옥수수와 대두박을 유일한 단백질의 공급원으로 하는 원료가 되게 배합하였다. 차이법을 사용하기 위하여 사료2와 사료4를 사료1과 사료5로부터 기초사료(사료3)를 옥수수와 대두박의 일부와 각각 대치시켜 배합하였다. 사료2는 옥수수 79%와 대두박 14%가 되게 배합하였고, 사료4는 옥수수 32.5%와 대두박 34%가 되도록 배합하였다. 가산성을 평가하기 위해, 사료2~4에서 측정한 값을 사료1과 사료5를 이용해 구한 옥수수와 대두박의 조단백질 소화율을 이용하여 계산한 예측값과 비교하였다. 직접법과 간접법으로 구한 소화율 값은 옥수수에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 대두박에서는 직접법과 간접법 간의 유의한 차이를 보여주었다. 추가적으로 사료2와 사료3에서는 외관상 회장 소화율과 표준 회장 소화율 간에 유의적 차이를 보여 소화율의 가산성이 부족함을 보인 반면, 대두박의 조단백질 함량이 옥수수에 비해 더 높아 기초 내생 조단백질의 영향을 덜 받아서, 사료4의 외관상 및 표준 회장 조단백질 소화율 간의 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 소화율의 가산성을 만족함을 보여주었다. 본 실험을 통해 원료사료의 단백질 함량에 따른 소화율 값의 차이가 소화율 측정방법에 따라 다름을 확인되었으며, 이러한 결과는 육계 사료배합의 정밀성을 높이는데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding an Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived phytase to pigs fed P deficient, corn-soybean meal diets. In Exp. 1, one hundred and twenty crossbred piglets ($9.53{\pm}0.84$ kg) were allocated to one of five treatments which consisted of four low P diets (0.61% Ca, 0.46% total P and 0.24% non-phytate P) supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 20,000 FTU/kg E. coli phytase as well as a positive control formulated to be adequate in all nutrients (0.77% Ca, 0.62% total P and 0.42% non-phytate P). The treatments were applied to six pens with four pigs per pen for 28 days. In Exp. 2, ten crossbred pigs ($19.66{\pm}1.16$ kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in a nutrient balance study. The pigs were assigned to treatments similar to those used in Exp. 1 in a doubly replicated $5{\pm}4$ incomplete Latin square design (5 diets with 4 periods). Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection of feces and urine and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. Supplementation with phytase linearly increased (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, bone breaking strength and fat-free dry and ash bone weight. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, Ca, total P, inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) and some AA with increasing dose of E. coli phytase. Pigs fed 20,000 FTU/kg had a greater (p<0.05) AID of IP6 (80% vs 59% or 64%, respectively) than pigs fed diets with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg phytase. There were linear increases (p<0.05) in the total tract digestibility of Ca, total P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn with increased phytase dose. The retention and utilization of Cu, and the total tract digestibility of CP and Cu quadratic increased (p<0.05) with increased phytase dose. In conclusion, supplementation of 500 FTU of phytase/kg and above effectively hydrolyzed phytate in low-P corn-soybean diets for pigs. In addition, a super dose of phytase (20,000 FTU/kg) hydrolyzed most of the IP6 and consequently further improved mineral use, protein utilization and performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.848-853
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• 2002

For the Exp. 1, twelve Duroc $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace pigs (6.12 $\pm$ 0.24 kg average initial body weight and 21 d average age) were used in an 8-d metabolic assay to determine the effects of replacing spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) with spray-dried egg Protein containing egg yolk antibody (SDCEP) on nutrient and amino acids digestibility in weaning Pigs. Experimental animals were fed diets containing SDPP, SDCEP (spray-dried commercial egg protein) and SDAEP. Protein content in the SDPP, SDCEP and SDAEP were 58.20, 45.83 and 41.85%, respectively. Pigs fed the SDPP diet tended to increase the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen compared to pigs fed the SDAEP diets without significant differences. The ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine for the SDAEP were greater than those for the SDPP, however, there are no significant differences between groups. For Exp.2, 36 Duroc $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace pigs (4.11 $\pm$ 0.05 kg average initial body weight and 14 d average age) were used in a 10-day growth assay to determine the effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of replacing SDPP with SDAEP in early-weaning pigs. Experimental animals were fed diets containing CON (corn-dried whey-SBM based diet), SDAEP3 (corn-dried whey-SBM based diet + 3% SDAEP), SDAEP6 (corn-dried whey-SBM based diet + 6% SDAEP). The average daily weight gain of the pigs fed the SDAEP3 diet was higher than that for the pigs fed the CON and SDAEP6 diets (p < 0.05). SDAEP3 significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen compared to the CON and SDAEP6 diets (p < 0.05).

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

Soybean, one of most widely used swine feed component in the world, contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The digestive system of weaned pigs is not yet fully developed, and thus weaned pigs cannot easily digest diets based on corn and soybean meal. Dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation has been intensively investigated to assist digestion of anti-nutritional factors, such as NSP. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; mixture of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs were measured. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for growth performance for the duration of the experimental period, and morphology of ileum, and nutrient digestibility between CON and Cocktail treatment groups. Therefore, the results from the current study indicated that enzyme cocktail supplementation in diets had no influence on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multi-enzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Measurements were growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs. There were no significant differences on growth performance during overall experimental period. No differences were found for the morphology of ileum and nutrient digestibility between CON and Multi groups. Therefore, the results in the current study indicated that multi-enzyme supplementation in diets had no effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1965-1974
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• 2020

Objective: This study consisted of two stages; the first was to determine the effect of extrusion and sieving treatments on the chemical properties of palm kernel cake (PKC), and accordingly, a follow-up experiment (second stage) was conducted to determine and compare the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and protein and amino acid digestibility of extruded and sieved PKC. Methods: Two physical treatments, namely extrusion (using temperature profiles of 90℃/100℃/100℃, 90℃/100℃/110℃, and 90℃/100℃/120℃) and sieving (to 8 particles sizes ranging from >8.00 to 0.15 mm) were carried out to determine their effects on chemical properties, primarily crude protein (CP) and fiber contents of PKC. Based on the results from the above study, PKC that extruded with temperature profile 90/100/110℃ and of sieved size between 1.5 to 0.15 mm (which made up of near 60% of total samples) were used to determine treatments effect on AME and CP and amino acid digestibility. The second stage experiment was conducted using 64 male Cobb 500 chickens randomly assigned to 16 cages (4 cages [or replicates] per treatment) to the following four dietary groups: i) basal (control) diet, ii) basal diet containing 20% untreated PKC, iii) basal diet containing 20% extruded PKC (EPKC), and iv) basal diet containing 20% sieved PKC (SPKC). Results: Extrusion and sieving had no effect on CP and ash contents of PKC, however, both treatments reduced (p<0.05) crude fiber by 21% and 19%, respectively. Overall, extrusion and sieving reduced content of most of the amino acids except for aspartate, glutamate, alanine and lysine which increased, while serine, cysteine and tryptophan remained unchanged. Extrusion resulted in 6% increase (p<0.05) in AME and enhanced CP digestibility (p<0.05) by 32%, as compared to the untreated PKC while sieving had no effect on AME but improved CP digestibility by 39% which was not significantly different from that by extrusion. Conclusion: Extrusion is more effective than sieving and serves as a practical method to enhance AME and digestibility of CP and several amino acids in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2000

Eight crossbred barrows (four growing and four finishing pigs with average initial BW of 40 and 82 kg, respectively) were fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and used in a 36 d metabolism experiment ($4{\times}4$ Latin squares) to determine the effects of roasting and extruding full-fat soybeans on nutrient utilization. Treatments were: 1) soybean meal; 2) roasted soybeans; 3) extruded soybeans; and 4) soybeans extruded with an extrusion enhancer (sodium sulfite). The control diet was corn starch-based with 0.90% lysine, 0.65% Ca and 0.55% P for the growing pigs and 0.75% lysine, 0.55% Ca and 0.45% P for the finishing pigs. For the growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM (p<0.04) and GE (p<0.008) were greater for soybean meal than full-fat soy products. However, ileal digestibilities of DM, GE, N and most amino acids were, in general, greatest for extruded soybeans and lowest for roasted soybeans, with soybean meal intermediate. For finishing pigs, trends in digestibilities of nutrients were very similar to those for the growing pigs. Total tract digestibilities of DM (p<0.03) and GE (p<0.001) for soybean meal were greater than for the full-fat soy products and ileal digestibilities of DM, GE, N and most amino acids were greater for the extruded soybeans than for the roasted soybeans. In conclusion, nutrient digestibilities and availabilities of indispensable amino acids tended to be greatest in extruded soybeans, intermediate in soybean meal and lowest in roasted soybeans for growing and finishing pigs.