• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.146-149
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• 2017

In this study, we compared the standardized value of each signal intensity, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) that digitizes the diffusion of water molecules, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) using b value 0 400, 1400 ($s/mm^2$). From March 2013 to December 2013, patients with suspicion of simple compound fracture and metastatic spine cancer were included in the MR readout. We used a 1.5 Tesla Achieva MRI system and a Syn-Spine Coil. Sequence is a DWI SE-EPI sagittal (diffusion weighted imaging spin echo-echo planar imaging sagittal) image with b-factor ($s/mm^2$) 0, 400, 1400 were used. Data analysis showed ROI (Region of Interest) in diseased area with high SI (signal intensity) in diffusion-weighted image b value 0 ($s/mm^2$) Using the MRIcro program, each SI was calculated with images of b-value 0, 400, and 1400 ($s/mm^2$), ADC map was obtained using Metlab Software with each image of b-value, The ADC is obtained by applying the ROI to the same position. The standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of simple compression fractures were $0.47{\pm}0.04$ and $0.23{\pm}0.03$ and the standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of the metastatic spine were $0.57{\pm}0.07$ and $0.32{\pm}0.08$ And the standardized values of the two diseases were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400 ($s/mm^2$) and 1400 ($s/mm^2$) of the simple compression fracture disease site were $1.70{\pm}0.16$ and $0.93{\pm}0.28$ and $1.24{\pm}0.21$ and $0.80{\pm}0.15$ for the metastatic spine. The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400($s/mm^2$) was statistically significant (p < 0.05) but the ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 1400 (p > 0.05). In conclusion, multi - b value recognition of signal changes in diffusion - weighted imaging is very important for the diagnosis of various spinal diseases.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.285-293
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• 1994

압축 벤토나이트에서 핵종이동은 확산에 의해 지배된다. 국산 벤토나이트에 대한 음이온핵종의 확산 특성 규명을 위해서 요오드이온을 대상으로 관통확산실험을 수행하였다. 대상매질은 동해안 지역의 벤토나이트를 사용하였으며, 실험용액은 합성 모의지하수에 I-125를 첨가하여 사용하였다. 압축 벤토나이트의 충전밀도는 1.2, 1.4, 1.7Mg/㎥등 세가지로 하였다. 요오드이온의 겉보기확산계수와 유효확산계수는 충전밀도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, 이들 확산계수의 값은 각자 3.80-7.12$\times$$10^{-11}$ $m^2$/s와 1.25-7.97$\times$$10^{-12}$ $m^2$/s의 범위에 있었다. 실험결과, 겉보기확산계수는 벤토나이트의 공극구조에 의존하였으며, 유효확산계수는 공극구조는 물론 핵종확산이동에 이용된 유효공극율에 의해 좌우되었다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 처분장안전성평가의 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

[ $Ag_2O$ ] 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트에 대하여 관통 확산법으로 요오드 이온의 이동 특성을 관찰하였다. $Ag_2O$를 첨가하지 않은 압축 벤토나이트와 마찬가지로 $Ag_2O$를 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트에서도 요오드 이온은 확산에 의하여 이동하는데, $Ag_2O$를 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트는 $Ag_2O$를 첨가하지 않은 압축 벤토나이트에 비하여 요오드 이온의 초기 누출 시간이 지연되는 것으로 나타났다. $Ag_2O$를 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트에서 요오드 이온의 초기 누출 시간 지연은 확산 용액으로 순수 요오드 이온 수용액을 사용하였을 때 뿐만 아니라 0.1 M NaCl-요오드 이온 수용액을 사용하였을 때에도 관찰되었다. 또한 $Ag_2O$를 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트의 겉보기 확산 계수는 $Ag_2O$를 첨가하지 않은 압축 벤토나이트의 겉보기 확산 계수보다 낮은 값을 나타내었다. $Ag_2O$를 첨가하지 않은 압축 벤토나이트의 유효 확산 계수는 기존 문헌에 보고된 값과 거의 일치하는 결과를 얻었으며, $Ag_2O$를 첨가한 압축 벤토나이트에서 요오드 이온의 유효 확산 계수는 $Ag_2O$ 첨가에 따라 대체적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

원전콘크리트는 두꺼운 벽체를 가진 매스콘크리트 구조이며 시공초기에 건조수축 및 수화열에 따른 균열이 발생하기 쉽다. 또한 냉각수를 항상 필요로 하므로 해안가에 위치하는데, 균열이 발생한 콘크리트에서는 염화물 이온의 유입으로 인해 철근 부식이 빠르게 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 6000 psi 급 고강도 원전콘크리트 배합을 이용하여 재령 및 균열에 따른 확산계수의 변화를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 재령 56일, 180일, 365일 동안 양생된 콘크리트에 균열폭을 0.0~1.4 mm까지 유도하였으며 정상상태의 촉진 확산실험을 수행하였다. 균열폭의 증가에 따라 확산계수는 최대 2.7~3.1배로 증가하였으며, 재령의 증가에 따른 확산계수의 저감성이 크게 평가되었다. 또한 180일 동안 비말대에 노출된 균열부 콘크리트에 대하여 겉보기 확산계수 및 표면염화물량을 평가하였으며, 촉진 실험결과와 비교를 수행하였다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2007

Urease was immobilized with calcium alginate by entrapment method in the form of spherical beads and stored in Tris/acetate buffer (pH 7.3) at $4^{\circ}C$. Urease immobilized at different concentration of alginate beads (3%, 4% and 5%) showed higher apparent $K_{m}$ values than the soluble urease. Furthermore, $K_{m}$ has been shown to be corelated with effective diffusion coefficient (De) at different concentration of alginate gel. The present study showed that diffusion and reaction contribute to control the overall rate.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2010

Part I of this study was devoted to the electrical accelerated chloride diffusion in mortars. In this second part, natural chloride diffusion has been investigated for four types of mortars under exposure to a 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution for a period of up to 35 days. Two different types of sand were used for the production of test samples: siliceous sand (used as a reference) and limestone sand (used in this study). The effect of water to cement ratio and exposure time on the diffusion coefficients of mortars was also investigated. In this study, the total and free chloride content and penetration depth of mortar were measured after immersion, and Fick's second law of diffusion was fitted to the experimental data to determine the diffusion coefficient. Their results show that the use of crushed limestone sand in mortar had a positive effect on the chloride resistance. The apparent diffusion coefficient in all specimens was smaller than that in siliceous sand mortar. However, the chloride penetration of these mortars was increased as exposure time progressed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of ex vivo MR diffusion tensor imaging technique in order to observe the diffusion-contrast characteristics of human gastric tissues. On normal and pathologic gastric tissues, which have been fixed in a polycarbonate plastic tube filled with 10% formalin solution, laboratory made 3D diffusion tensor Turbo FLASH pulse sequence was used to obtain high resolution MR images with voxel size of $0.5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5mm^3\;using\;64{\times}32{\times}32mm^3$ field of view in conjunction with an acquisition matrix of $128{\times}64{\times}64$. Diffusion weighted- gradient pulses were employed with b values of 0 and $600s/mm^2$ in 6 orientations. The sequence was implemented on a clinical 3.0-T MRI scanner(Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a home-made quadrature-typed birdcage Tx/Rx rf coil for small specimen. Diffusion tensor values in each pixel were calculated using linear algebra and singular value decomposition(SVD) algorithm. Apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) and fractional anisotropy(FA) map were also obtained from diffusion tensor data to compare pixel intensities between normal and abnormal gastric tissues. The processing software was developed by authors using Visual C++(Microsoft, WA, U.S.A.) and mathematical/statistical library of GNUwin32(Free Software Foundation). This study shows that 3D diffusion tensor Turbo FLASH sequence is useful to resolve fine micro-structures of gastric tissue and both ADC and FA values in normal gastric tissue are higher than those in abnormal tissue. Authors expect that this study also represents another possibility of gastric carcinoma detection by visualizing diffusion characteristics of proton spins in the gastric tissues.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2019

해안 지역에 시공된 철근 콘크리트 구조물은 해수 중의 염소 이온에 의해 내부 철근이 부식하게 된다. 특히 해안지역에서는 해수에 침지되는 경우뿐만 아니라 조수간만 및 비래염분의 영향을 받기 때문에 이에 대한 고려가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 3가지 수준의 노출 환경(침지대, 간만대, 비말대)과 노출기간 180일, 365일, 730일을 고려하여 해양환경노출실험을 실시하였다. 대상 배합은 3가지 수준의 물-결합재비 및 2가지 수준의 플라이애시 치환률(0 %, 30 %)을 고려하여 설정하였다. 모든 노출조건에서 플라이 애시 치환 배합이 OPC 배합 대비 낮은 겉보기 염화물 확산계수를 나타내었으며, 이는 플라이애시의 포졸란 반응이 원인으로 사료된다. 플라이애시 배합은 노출 기간 180일에서는 플라이애시 치환 배합이 OPC 배합 대비 최대 63 5 %의 감소율을, 노출 기간 730일 에서는 최대 55.8 %의 감소율을 나타내었다. 노출 조건에 따른 확산계수 거동을 평가한 결과, 플라이애시 치환 배합에서는 간만대, 침지대, 비말대 순으로 확산계수가 평가되었다. 간만대에서는 건습이 반복되어 염화물 이온의 침투가 빠르게 일어나는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2004

Evaluated the hyperacute embolic effects of triolein and oleic acid in cat brains by using MR image and electron microscopy. In fat embolism, free fatty acid is more toxic than neutral fat in terms of tissue damage. T2-Weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging were performed in cat brains after the injection of triolein (group 1, n=8) or oleic acid (group 2, n=10) into the internal carotid artery. MR image were quantitatively assessed by comparing the lesions with their counterparts on T2-weighted images, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Electron microscopic findings in group 1 were compared with those in group 2. Qualitatively, MR images revealed two types of lesions. Type 1 lesions were hyperintense on diffusion-weighted images and hypointense of ADC maps. Type 2 lesions were isointense or mildly hyperintense on diffusion-weighted images and isointense on ADC maps. Quantitatively, the signal intensity rations of type 1 lesions in group 2 specimens were significantly higher on T2-weighted images (P=.013)/(P=.027) and lower on ADC maps compared with those of group 1. Electron microscopy of type 1 lesions in both groups revealed more prominent widening of the perivascular space and swelling of the neural cells in groups 1. MR and electron microscopic data on cerebral fat embolism induced by either triolein or oleic acid revealed characteristics suggestive of both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema in the hyperacute stage. Tissue damage appeared more severe in the oleic acid group than in the triolein group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.6135-6140
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) for differentiating biliary tract cancer (BTC) from benign biliary tract diseases in Asians. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched Embase and PubMed prior to December 2014. Eight studies conducted in Asians met our predetermined inclusion criteria. Results: Our meta-analysis results showed that ADC values in BTC tissues were significantly lower than in benign biliary tract tissues (SMD = -1.54, 95%CI: -1.75~-1.33, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis based on the MRI machine type showed that the ADC values were consistent, accurate and reliable in the diagnosis of BTC when comparing cancer tissue vs. benign tissue under the Siemens 1.5 T/3.0 T, Philips 1.5 T/3.0 T, GE 1.5 T, and Toshiba 1.5 T types, respectively (all P<0.05). Further, ADC values were still consistent and accurate in the differential diagnosis of BTC under the b value of 800 and $1000s/mm^2$ (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings supported potential clinical applications of DWI ADC values in differentiating BTC from benign biliary tract diseases in Asians.