• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 2023

Purpose: To quantify the relationship between perceived pain intensity and psychological variables in a sample of participants with temporomandibular disorder, with or without central sensitization (CS). Methods: A cross-sectional study with nonprobability convenience sampling was conducted from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Pain intensity (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, STAI), catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PCS), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Co.), which included descriptive and normality analyses and the calculation of strength of multiple correlational regression. Results: A total of 52 (n=34 female 65.4%; n=18 male 34.6%) subjects with diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were finally included. A total of 26 participants (n=26, 50.0%) were cases suffered from CS (TMD-CS mean=46.62±11.24) while the remaining participants (n=26, 50.0%) were the controls (TMD-nCS mean=26.77, standard deviation [SD]=8.42). The pain intensity was moderate in both groups TMDCS (mean=7.62, SD=0.83) and TMD-nCS (mean=7.05, SD=0.86), anxiety (TMD-CS STAI mean=53.27, SD=11.54; TMD-nCS STAI mean=49, SD=11.55), catastrophizing (TMD-CS PCS mean=46.27, SD=9.75; TMD-nCS PCS mean=26.69, SD=4.97), perceived stress (TMDCS PSS mean=30.35, SD=4.91; TMD-nCS PSS mean=26.12, SD=6.60) and sleep quality (TMD-CS PSQI mean=15.81, SD=3.65; TMD-nCS PSQI mean=12.77, SD=2.76) levels were measured in both groups. In TMD-CS and TMD-nCS, higher anxiety levels were moderately and significantly associated with greater pain intensity β=0.4467 (t=2.477, p=0.021) and β=0.5087 (t=2.672, p=0.014). Nevertheless, catastrophizing, perceived stress and sleep quality were not associated to pain intensity in neither of group. Conclusions: In both TMD-CS and TMD-nCS patients, elevated anxiety levels were moderately and significantly associated with increased pain intensity. However, heightened levels of pain catastrophizing, perceived stress, and poor sleep quality were not significantly associated with increased pain intensity in either of the two analyzed groups.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the humor intervention program, administred to the hemodialysis patient as an adaptive coping mechanism. The research design was non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 36 patients who had been out patient hemodialysis room at B hospital in Pusan from August 18 to September 15, 1998. The humor intervention program consisted of 1 TV comedy, 1 home video and 1 comedy film. The humor intervention program was provided to the experimental group for 20-30 minute 3 times every other day at hemodialysis room. Dependent variables were measured by Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory, Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale, Lefcourt & s Humor Coping Scale. The analysis of the collected data had been done for the hemogeneity test in which general characteristics of the experimental group and the control group had been tested by $X^2$-test and the hemogeneity test had been tested by t-test before using the humor intervention program which is for anxiety, depression and coping of humor. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of anxiety, depression and coping of humor between the two groups. The result were summarized as follows : 1. Anxiety score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 2. Depression score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. 3. Coping of humor score in the experimental group and control group was not significant difference. In conclusion, even though humor intervention program did not have any efficient effect on hemodialysis patients in reacting to anxiety, depression and coping humor, it caused very positive reactions from patients, and it also reducted anxiety of patients among the experimental group a little bit. If this program could be sufficiently applied ac cording to the character of every patients with a little bit different appliences such as selection of humor intervention program, frequency and period, it will be used as an efficient the humor intervention program.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.780-793
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• 1966

A study was made of influence of grandmother on the child's porsonality development. Behavior of randomly sampled 144 kindergarten children aged 5-6: 36 boys and 36 girls who came from general households were comparatively observed and rated by kindergartners who were able to correctly identify the children. Addition to this, interviews were conducted with their grandmothers by the auther. Rating scale used for behavior observations was consisted of 8 traits of personality: independency, dominance, co-operativeness, tolerance, responsibility, needs of achievement, agressiveness, and hostility. The scale for interviews was consisted of 3 domains of grandmothers attitude toward grandchildren; support, over control, and submissiveness. Both scales were carefully constructed and the validity of them were tested. The following results and conclusings were emerged from the study. 1. A moderate and statistically siggnificant relationships were found between the presence of grandmother and decline of dominance, tolerance, and needs of achievement of the boy and needs of achievement of the girl. Hostility of the girl increased by the presence of grandmother. 2. It was showed that most grandmothers inclined to support and submit to grandsons. 3. High negative correlations were obtained between anxiety of grandchildren and independency, cooperativeness, and needs of achievement of them.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.82-93
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to explore attitude and belief about menopause and severity of menopausal symptoms according to menopausal status. This study conducted a cross-sectional assessment of the effects of depressive symptoms and the severity of trait anxiety on the severity of menopausal symptoms. Methods : Participants were all outpatients at the psychiatric outpatient clinic of Korea University Guro Hospital. All participants, aged 40 to 64, had depressive or anxiety disorders and were divided into the premenopause, perimenopause, premenopause, and postmenopause groups. Menopause Rating Scale(MRS) was used to measure the severity of menopausal symptoms. The attitude toward menopause was examined by a self-report questionnaire regarding menopause. Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were used to assess depressive symptoms and anxiety. Results : The severity of menopausal symptoms was not different among the groups according to menopausal status. There was a significant correlation between a negative attitude toward menopause and the severity of menopausal symptoms. Patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms and trait anxiety had more severe menopausal symptoms. Conclusion : Negative attitude toward menopause, depressive symptoms, and anxiety had a significantly negative impact on the severity of menopausal symptoms. The results of this study suggest that treatment to relieve depressive symptoms and anxiety and intervention to reduce negative attitude toward menopause are required. Further studies with larger sample size are needed to evaluate potentially effects of depressive symptoms and anxiety on severity of menopausal symptoms in middle-aged female psychiatric patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 1985

The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), in the subjects of 3,893 male and 1,976 female college students of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SAS during the periods from October to November, 1984, and applied ANOVA and t-test on the anxiety scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results could be summarized as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety score's between male and female students ; male students scored $36.92{\pm}7.07$, female students scored $39.63{\pm}7.51$, p<0.001. The anxiety scores relating to the items of sweating, apprehension, restlessness, insommia, dyspnea were relatively higher in both groups. The anxiety scores in the items of paresthesias, mental disintegration, tremors, faintness, dizziness were lower in both groups. Two hundred and one male students (5.2%) showed seriously high anxiety scores of 50 or higher, while 201 female students (10.2%) showed the same scores. So the authors inferred that the features of anxiety symptoms were much the same in our country, but females showed more various symptoms and higher level of anxiety than males. In a comparison between male students in different school grades, freshmen showed the highest level of anxiety scores and as the grades of the students became higher, the levels of anxiety scores were lower. The female students who resided in dormitory or other residences, and whose educational fees were paid by brothers or sisters, showed higher level of anxiety scores. There was a strong tendency toward higher anxiety scores in the students who were dissatisfied with their colleges or departments, and who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present, or future, in both groups.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

Objectives Despite growing attention to anxiety in bipolar disorder (BD), little research has assessed anxiety symptoms in the course of BD. The current prospective follow-up study examines the influence of subjectively and objectively measured anxiety symptoms on the course of BD. Methods A total of 49 patients with BD were followed-up prospectively for average of one year at an average of four months interval. The Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, heart rate variability (HRV) were used to measure anxiety subjectively, objectively and physiologically. Participants were divided into high and low anxiety groups based on their K-BAI scores. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to compare the recurrence of mood episode, suicide attempt, emergency room visit, and psychiatric hospitalization between two groups. Mediators were investigated with Cox proportional hazards models. Results Compared to the low anxiety group, the high anxiety group reported significantly higher impulsiveness (p = 0.016) and lower high frequency component on HRV (p = 0.007) after controlling for severity of BD. Regarding survival analysis, the high anxiety group showed hastened depressive episode recurrence (p = 0.048) and suicidal ideation was the mediator of the hazard ratio (HR) 1.089 (p = 0.029) in the Cox model. Moreover, the high anxiety group showed a tendency of accelerated suicide attempt (p = 0.12) and impulsivity was the risk factor of suicide attempt (HR = 1.089, p = 0.036). Conclusions This interim analysis of prospective study suggests that high anxiety level in BD may anticipate unfavorable course. Further studies are needed to understand the multifactorial mechanism of anxious bipolar patients.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.135-147
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• 2020

Objectives: Hwa-byung is a mental illness. It is also known as a Korean culture-related syndrome. In traditional Korean medicine, Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang is used to treat Hwa-byung related neuropsychiatric symptoms. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was performed for 160 patients with Hwa-byung. Patients were divided into a Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang group and a placebo group. Treatment period was 8 weeks. Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Likert scale for major symptoms of Hwa-byung, Hwa-byung Scale (HBS), Korean Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (K-STAI), Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (K-STAXI), and Korean WHO Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to evaluate the effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung. We also used an Instrument of Pattern Identification for Hwa-Byung to evaluate different responses for six patterns of patients. Results: Scores of all the measurements improved significantly for each group, showing no significant differences between the two groups. In the case of deficiency of both Qi and blood pattern, the Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang group showed a significant decrease in the HAM-A score compared to the placebo group. Conclusions: The effect of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang on Hwa-byung did not exceed that of the placebo. Further studies involving more elaborate pattern identification are needed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2020

This study investigated the clinical effect of Korean medicine treatments on two patients who experienced gastrointestinal symptoms with anxiety disorder. The patients were treated with herbal medicine (Yukgunja-tang, Banhabakchulchunma-tang) and acupuncture for 11 days and 26 days, respectively. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) scores on the day of hospital admission and after treatment were compared; both the BAI and GSRS scores decreased after treatment. Moreover, the grade of the gastrointestinal symptoms changed from severe to mild or none. Therefore, these cases are useful for describing Korean medicine treatments for anxiety disorders in patients who experience gastrointestinal symptoms. However, additional case reports and studies are be needed in the future to confirm these findings.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2006

Objective : We examined the putative association between the psychological symptoms and hypoxemia in hospitalized pneumoconiosis patients. Methods : One hundred and nine hospitalized pneumoconiosis patients were divided into two groups according to their level of hypoxemia (PaO2); hypoxemic group consisted of 47 patients with PaO2 lower than 80 mmHg, and comparative group consisted of 62 patients with higher than 80 mmHg. All of them were interviewed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and completed the Symptom Checklist-90items-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The medical data (PaO2, PaCO2, Hb, and Hct), number of hospital days and socio-demographic data as well as scores of the three psychological measurements were compared between the two groups. Results : Hypoxemic patients with lower PaO2 showed higher scores in the HAM-D (p=0.01) and stateanxiety subscale of the STAI (p<0.05). Values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were negatively correlated with levels of trait-anxiety (p<0.05). Thirty patients (27.5%) of total subjects suffered from depression (higher than 18 in the HAM-D), and 46.8% of hypoxemic patients were depressed, whereas 12.9% of comparative group patients were depressed (p=0.01). Conclusion : These results suggest that depression and anxiety might be associated with the hypoxemic mechanism in pneumoconiosis patients.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2019

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate current research trends in Chuna manual therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders in China. Methods : Using China Academic Journal and Pubmed, we performed a literature search of studies that were published from 2010 onwards. In total, 15 published studies were included in our analysis. Results : Of the 15 analyzed studies, nine were randomized controlled trials, two were non-randomized controlled trials, and four were case reports. Of the total patients, 80% were treated daily and received ${\leq}30$ treatments in total (excluding one study). In most studies(11 out of 15, 73.33%), the total effective rate of treatment was used to measure the outcome, with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale being used most frequently. The case report demonstrated a therapeutic effect > 90%. In the control study, except for the two studies that reported significant improvement in the follow-up period, all of the measures were significantly improved (P<0.05) after treatment compared with before treatment. The An(按) and Rou(?) methods were the most frequently used. The Chuna method is categorized into four types: 1) It is performed around shoulders, neck, and face; 2) performed around abdomen, back, and neck; 3) performed on the whole body; 4) performed at the simply-stimulated acupoints. The most commonly used acupoint was Taiyang (Ex-HN 5), and the most frequently used acupoints were predominantly distributed in the head, face, and neck. Conclusions : This study demonstrated that Chuna manual therapy has significant effects when used as a treatment for anxiety disorder, warranting further investigation.