• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2023

Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils ($100{\mu}g/mL$) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration ($100{\mu}g/mL$) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC-MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.199-209
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• 1998

In order to find antiviral effect against Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, publicated 29 paters on anti-viral effect of herbal medicines and a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect (CEP) inhibition assay was introduced. The major virus on experiment are HIV, Hepatitis B virus and HSV-1,2. Those of other studies showed inhibition of infected virus DNA replication and screening test of herbal medicines. More than 15 extractions were prepared by pure water boiling from herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Padoo against HIV was <4.0, Hyungbangpaedoksan against HIV was 9.3, Whangyonhaedoktang against HIV-1 and HSV-2 was 15.3. These are high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective $index(SI)=CC_{50}/EC_{50}$. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity. The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2004

Amphotericin B (AmB), an amphipathic polyene macrolide, is an antifungal drug produced by Streptomyces nodosus. Recently, AmB has been shown to exert antiviral activity against rubella virus and human immunodeficiency virus by different mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral effect of AmB against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and investigated which step of the viral life cycle was inhibited by AmB to understand the mechanism of antiviral action of AmB. AmB reduced both plaque size and number in the infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a 200-fold reduction of infectious virus titer was observed by treatment of infected cells with $5\mug/ml$ of AmB. AmB acted at the post virus-infection step, but not during adsorption of virus to host cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the accumulated level of JEV envelope protein dramatically decreased in the infected cells by treatment with $5-10\mug/ml$ of AmB. Our results indicate that AmB inhibits the replication of JEV at the postinfection step by interfering with viral replication and/or by inhibiting the synthesis of viral proteins.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2003

Over 350 million people worldwide are chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic viral infections of the liver can progress to cirrhosis, which may ultimately lead to hepatic failure or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. There are two antiviral drugs on the market approved for clinical management of chronic HBV infections; interferon-alpha and the nucleoside analog lamivudine. However, they showed adverse side-effects. In the rational drug design for such therapies we would like to utilize antiviral drugs that inhibit the HBV replication in the liver. Investigation of natural extracts of silkworm exhibiting antiviral potential was held in the functional HBV polymerase activity and the release of virion particle in the HepG2.2.15 cell lines. HBV-producing transgenic mouse fed with silkworm DNJ molecule was shown as an inhibitor of serum HBV particles. We could represent this DNJ molecule as an antiviral potential complementing conventional therapies after preclinical tests against WHBV-infected animal model, woodchuck.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.375-390
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• 2022

Influenza viruses are zoonotic respiratory pathogens, and influenza infections have caused a substantial burden on public health systems and the livestock industry. Although currently approved seasonal influenza vaccines have shown potent protection efficacy against antigenically well-matched strains, there are considerable unmet needs for the efficient control of viral infections. Enormous efforts have been made to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines to tackle the huge levels of genetic diversity and variability of influenza viruses. In addition, antiviral drugs have been considered important interventions for the treatment of viral infections. The viral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is the most widely used antiviral medication to treat influenza A and influenza B viruses. However, unsatisfactory clinical outcomes resulting from side effects and the emergence of resistant variants have led to greater attention being paid to plants as a natural resource for anti-influenza drugs. In particular, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has underpinned the need for safe and effective antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity to prevent the rapid spread of viruses among humans. This review outlines the results of the antiviral activities of various natural products isolated from plants against influenza viruses. Special focus is paid to the virucidal effects and the immune-enhancing effects of antiviral natural products, since the products have broad applications as inactivating agents for the preparation of inactivated vaccines and vaccine adjuvants.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.334-339
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• 2018

Objectives: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of the common cold. Currently there is no registered, clinically effective, antiviral chemotherapeutic agent to treat diseases caused by HRVs. In this study, the antiviral activity of dexamethasone (DEX) against HRV1B was examined. Methods: The anti-HRV1B activity of DEX was assessed by sulforhodamine B assay in HeLa cells, and by RT-PCR in the lungs of HRV1B-infected mice. Histological evaluation of HRV1B-infected lungs was performed and a histological score was given. Anti-HRV1B activity of DEX via the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR)-dependent autophagy activation was assessed by blocking with chloroquine diphosphate salt or bafilomycin A1 treatment. Results: In HRV1B-infected HeLa cells, treatment with DEX in a dose-dependent manner, resulted in a cell viability of > 70% indicating that HRV1B viral replication was reduced by DEX treatment. HRV1B infected mice treated with DEX, had evidence of reduced inflammation and a moderate histological score. DEX treatment showed antiviral activity against HRV1B via GCR-dependent autophagy activation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that DEX treatment showed anti-HRV1B activity via GCR-dependent autophagy activation in HeLa cells and HRV1B infected mice. Further investigation assessing the development of topical formulations may enable the development of improved DEX effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2021

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a fish pathogen responsible for causing enormous economic loss to the aquaculture industry not only in Korea but worldwide. Thus, it is necessary to identify natural compounds that can be used to control the spread of VHSV. In this study, the anti-VHSV activities of five catechol derivatives, i.e., catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methyl catechol, veratrole, and 3-methyl veratrole-extracted from green tea-were assessed. The antiviral activities of these derivatives were found to be dependent on their structure, i.e., the hydroxyl or methoxyl group and their substituent groups-on the benzene ring. Catechol, pyrogallol, and 3-methyl catechol exhibited relatively high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities than veratrole, and 3-methyl veratrole. Moreover, 3-methyl catechol harboring a methyl substituent group increased the viability of the virus-infected cells and resulted in a 2.86 log reduction in the gene copies of VHSV N (per mL) in real-time PCR analysis. In conclusion, the catechol derivatives harboring hydroxyl groups in their benzene ring exhibited higher antioxidant activities than those harboring the methoxyl groups. However, catechol derivatives with a methyl group at the 3'-position of the benzene ring exhibited higher antiviral activity than those harboring a hydroxyl group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between the structure and the anti-VHSV activity of catechol derivatives.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 2010

Extracts of 33 medicinal herbs belonging to 28 different families used as precious resources in the Northeast Asia were tested for their antiviral activities against two major plant viruses. Twenty one methanol extracts from 19 different families were found to have a antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) when tested on indicator plants under greenhouse conditions. Most of these extracts have weak activities at the concentration used. But the methanol extracts of Phellinus linteus exhibited potent ($98.7{\pm}1.3%$) antiviral activity against TMV infection and also showed $97.2{\pm}2.2%$ activity against CMV infection. The methanol extracts of the gall of Rhus javanica also showed strong inhibitory efficacy over $98.7{\pm}1.1%$ against TMV or CMV infection. Further research is needed to elucidate the active constituents of these medicinal herbs which may be useful in the development of new and effective antiviral agent against plant viruses.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.237.3-238
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• 2003

Carbonucleosides has extensively been studied as a promising anti-viral agents having chemical and metabolical stability. As yet there are no rules relating the structures of carbocyclic nucleosides to their therapeutic activity. although trends among certain kinds of structure have been tentatively put forward. In our research program for discovery of anti-viral drugs, the novel cyclobutyl nucleosides can be expected to be potential antiviral drugs as analogues of cyclobut-A, anti-HBV agent. (omitted)