• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Objectives : Infectious diseases by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a growing problem worldwide. Characteristic of MRSA is endlessly mutation to resist antibiotics. Daehwanggo (DHG) is one of the oriental medicine prescriptions contained in Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine. Daehwanggo was mainly used for external preparation from old times. The purpose of this study is to confirm possibility as supplementary drug of DHG about antibiotics through observation of synergy effect between DHG and commercial antibiotics and to observe restriction on growth of MRSA on any pathway through observation of mechanism. Methods : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DHG against MRSA is $500{\sim}2000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by broth dilution method. In the checkerboard method, the combinations of DHG with antibiotics has partial synergistic effect or synergy effect and DHG markedly reduced the MICs of the antibiotics oxacillin (OX), gentamicin (GT) against MRSA. In the inhibition of resistance mechanism of DHG against MRSA, the expression of resistance gene and protein about ${\beta}-lactam$ antibiotic was reduced. Also, we observed the effect of DHG about cell membrane permeability against MRSA, and confirmed that DHG suppressed growth of strains by increasing cell membrane permeability. Results : Basis on the result, we speculate that DHG increase antibacterial activity of antibiotics against MRSA by changing the structure of cell wall of MRSA. Conclusions : These data suggest that Daehwanggo possesses possibility as supplementary drug about antibiotics against MRSA.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterococci in cheese samples and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles as well as the associated resistance genes. A total of 139 enterococci were isolated from 99 cheese samples, the isolates were identified as E. faecalis (61.2%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. gallinarum (12.9%), E. durans (5.0%), E. casseliflavis (2.9%) and E. avium (2.9%). The most frequent antimicrobial resistance observed in enterococci isolates was to lincomycin (88.5%), followed by kanamycin (84.2%), gentamycin (low level, 51.1%), rifampin (46.8%) and tetracycline (33.8%). Among the isolates, the frequencies of high level gentamycin and streptomycin resistant enterococci strains were 2.2% and 5.8%, respectively. Apart from the mentioned antibiotics, low levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol were found. Moreover no resistance was observed against penicillin and ampicillin. The antimicrobial resistance genes including tetM, tetL, ermB, cat, aph(3’)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia and aac(6’)-Ieaph(2”)-Ia were found in enterococci from Turkish cheese samples. In the current study, we provided data for antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of resistance genes among enterococci. Regulatory and quality control programs for milk and other dairy products from farms to retail outlets has to be established and strengthened to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance among emerging food borne pathogens in Turkey.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.146-149
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• 2013

Bacteria of genus Vibrio are Gram-negative, curved, halophilic, nonspore-forming bacteria, autochthonous inhabitans of the marine and estuarine environments. Some of the Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae are associated with human disease. Each year many people have been suffering from food-borne disease caused by the ingestion of seafood. In this study, we have monitored antibiotic resistance of this microorganism in 6 coastal areas of West Sea by sampling shellfish monthly. Vibrio spp. were detected from 23.3% of 120 samples analyzed using TCBS agar plates as well as API 20E kit. Among 16 antibiotics tested, resistance to vancomycin and ampicillin was observed in 82.1% of the isolates, and Vibrio spp. resistant to rifampin (71.4%) and cephalothin (53.6%) were also high. Most of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol (92.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (92.9%), and tetracycline (96.4%). About 71.4% of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance toward 3 antibiotics including vancomycin and ampicillin.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2017

Now a day's rise of new antibiotic resistant bacterial strains is a global threat. Ethnic people of India have been employing Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker wood extract in healing cancerous wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and to identify the medicinally potent chemicals in the essential oil extract of A. polystachya. The antibacterial properties of various organic extracts were evaluated against a range of bacteria (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) based on the disc diffusion method and GC-MS based analysis for finding active oil extract components. All extracts of A. polystachya leaves showed potential antibacterial activity, notably ethyl acetate, while petroleum ether extracts revealed highly sensitive activity against all tested bacteria (zones of inhibition ranging from 8.83 to 11.23 mm). In addition, the petroleum ether extract had the lowest MIC value (32 to $256{\mu}g/mL$) against E. coli, S. lutea, X. campestris, and B. subtilis bacteria. The major compounds detected in oil [${\beta}$-elemene (16.04 %), ${\beta}$-eudesmol (12.78 %), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (19.37 %), ${\beta}$-selinene (11.32 %), elemol (5.76 %), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (5.68 %)] are expected to be responsible for the potent antimicrobial activity. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the potent role of A. polystachya essential oil extract in pharmaceutical and antibiotic research.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

The presence of antibiotics in the wastewater from livestock farm due to its over-application should be concerned because they could change microbial ecology, increase the proliferation of antibiotic resistant pathogens, provoke toxic effect on aquatic species. In addition, these antibiotics can cause negative effect on the performance of biological wastewater treatment due to its antibacterial properties. In this study, our aim is to evaluate the effect of some common used antibiotic in Korea piggery farm such as oxytetracycline (OTC) to nitrification efficiency as well as organic compounds removal rate in biological system for treating piggery wastwater. The experiment was conducted in aeration batch reactor and lab-scale $A_2/O$(Anoxic-Anoxic-Oxic) system. From this study, it would be suggested that the piggery wastewater characterization should be examined in order to assess the fraction of common used antibiotics. The alternative treatment processes for piggery wastewater having high-strength antibiotics might be suggested in the future work.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2015

In a previous report, we identified several candidate antimicrobial peptides through de novo RNA sequencing of the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. Here, we identify and characterize one of these peptides, Scolopendrasin I. We identified the centipede antimicrobial peptide Cecropin from the centipede transcriptome using an SVM algorithm, and subsequently analyzed the amino acid sequence for predicted secondary structure using a GOR algorithm. We identified an alpha helical region of Cecropin and named it Scolopendrasin I. We then assessed antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of Scolopendrasin I. Scolopendrasin I showed antimicrobial activity against various microbes, including antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, in a radial diffusion assay. Scolopendrasin I had potent antibacterial activity against acne-associated microbes in a colony count assay and showed no hemolytic activity in a hemolysis assay. In addition, we confirmed that Scolopendrasin I bound to the surface of bacteria via a specific interaction with lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, two components of bacterial cell membranes. In conclusion, the results presented here provide evidence that this is an efficient strategy for antimicrobial peptide candidate identification and that Scolopendrasin I has potential for successful antibiotic development.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 2001

Otitis media with effusion(OME) is the second most common disease in childhood after upper respiratory tract infection. Antibiotic treatment and ventilation tube insertion are the common treatment. The emergence of drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) has implications for the primary care provider who treats acute otitis media(AOM) in children. OME need not be treated with antibiotics unless the effusion has been present for 3 to 4 months. Tympanostomy tubes are an effective treatment for both chronic OME and recurrent AOM. But the complications of tympanostomy tubes are serious Kamihyunggyeyungyotang is known to have antiinflmmatory and antiallergic effect. In this study, we investigated the clinical efficacy of the Kamihyunggyeyungyotang on recurrent otitis media with effusion prospectively by using pneumatoscopy, tympanogram, pure tone audiometry, and radiologic study. The patients who had treated by antibiotics was used as control. The statistical analysis was done by Mann-Whitney test and the significance was considered when the p value was less than 0.05. The general outcome was significantly higher in Kamihyunggyeyungyotang group than in antibiotic group. The recovery rate from grade 3 to 0 in pneumatoscopy was 42.5% but the control was 6%. Hearing gain was improved 71% and pnuematization was returned 70%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the opinions of various related-industries on ban of antibiotics growth promoters (AGPs) in commercial mixed feed. The answers on a total of 21 questions were summarized by response number and percentage. 93% of those surveyed were in agreement of a ban of dietary AGPs. The agreement reasons were the livestock safety (61.5%), the reduction of antibiotic use (23.1%), and decrease of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (11.5%). The negative effects expected by the ban of AGPs were poor growth performance (44.2%), elevated disease emergence (31.4%), increasing the feed cost (18.6%), and quality degradation of livestock (5.8%). As the efficient plans for decline of AGPs use, the feeding environment improvement was the highest with 43%, and farmer training and the consolidation inspection of residual substance on antibiotics in livestock product was 27.9% and 22.1%, respectively. 46.5% of respondent are considering the modification of feed spec and 39.5% of those surveyed have staged a modified feed spec. In conclusion, livestock related-industries approve a ban of AGPs, and they assert that the policy support, improvement of management and environment in the farm, providing technology from related-industries are multiply essential for a stable settlement of a ban policy of AGPs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 1986

The best conditions for the protoplast fusion of Lactobacillus casei have been searched for in this study. Antibiotic resistance was used as the selective marker for enumerating and selecting the recombinants. Antibiotic resistant mutants were isolated after treating cells with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine. High frequency fusion of protoplasts of L. casei strains were obtained in the presence of 40% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol 4,000 after 1 min at 3$0^{\circ}C$ at around neutral pH. Spontaneous mutations of drug-resistance of L. casei were two or three orders lower than the recombination frequency. Recombination frequencies were about 10$^{-4}$ per parent cells employed.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.65-67
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• 2013

Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone or bone marrow, caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacterium. Osteomyelitis can be acute or chronic, inflammatory process of the bone and its structures. Chronic osteomyelitis will result in variable sclerosis and deformity of the affected bone. With an infection of the bone, the subsequent inflammatory response will elevate this overlying periosteum, leading to a loss of the nourishing vasculature, vascular thrombosis, and bone necrosis, resulting occasionally in formation of sequestra. These become areas that are more resistant to systemic antibiotic therapy due to lack of the normal Havesian canals that are blocked by scar tissue. At this aspect, not only systemic antibiotic therapy, but also surgical debridement maybe required to remove the affected bone and prevent disease propagation to adjacent areas. We experienced a patient who diagnosed tongue cancer and underwent wide partial glossectomy few years before, with an ulcerative lesion around right retromolar trigon. We diagnosed cancer recurrence because PET indicated hot uptake on mandible which was nearby previous tongue tumor site. The patient received hemiglossectomy via paramedian mandibulotomy, partial mandibulectomy and fibula osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction. But final diagnosis was mandible osteomyelitis on pathology report. Here, we present the case with a review of the related literatures.