• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2020

Oral and maxillofacial infection is a common complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The treatment of oral diseases in such patients differs from that administered to healthy patients. This paper reports a case of acute osteomyelitis of odontogenic origin following a recent chemotherapy session. The patient's condition was life-threatening because of neutropenic fever and sepsis that developed during the inpatient supportive care. However, the patient showed prompt recovery within 40 days following the use of appropriate antibiotics and routine dressing, without the requirement for surgical treatment, except tooth extraction. As seen in this case, patients undergoing chemotherapy are more susceptible to rapid progression of infections in the oral and maxillofacial areas. Therefore, accurate diagnosis through prompt clinical and radiological examination, identification of the extent of infection, and assessment of the patient's immune system are crucial for favorable outcomes. It is also necessary to eliminate the source of infection through appropriate administration of antibiotics. In particular, a broad-spectrum antibiotic with anti-pneumococcal activity is essential. Proper antibiotic administration and wound dressing are essential for infection control. Furthermore, close consultation with a hemato-oncologist is necessary for effective infection management based on the professional evaluation of patients' immune mechanisms.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.14.1-14.14
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• 2018

The link between antibiotic treatment and IF-associated liver disease (IFALD) is unclear. Here, we study the effect of antibiotic treatment on bile acid (BA) metabolism and investigate the involved mechanisms. The results showed that pediatric IF patients with cholestasis had a significantly lower abundance of BA-biotransforming bacteria than patients without cholestasis. In addition, the BA composition was altered in the serum, feces, and liver of pediatric IF patients with cholestasis, as reflected by the increased proportion of primary BAs. In the ileum, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression was reduced in patients with cholestasis. Correspondingly, the serum FGF19 levels decreased significantly in patients with cholestasis. In the liver, the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme in bile salt synthesis, cytochrome P450 7a1 (CYP7A1), increased noticeably in IF patients with cholestasis. In mice, we showed that oral antibiotics (gentamicin, GM or vancomycin, VCM) reduced colonic microbial diversity, with a decrease in both Gram-negative bacteria (GM affected Eubacterium and Bacteroides) and Gram-positive bacteria (VCM affected Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). Concomitantly, treatment with GM or VCM decreased secondary BAs in the colonic contents, with a simultaneous increase in primary BAs in plasma. Moreover, the changes in the colonic BA profile especially that of tauro-beta-muricholic acid ($T{\beta}MCA$), were predominantly associated with the inhibition of the FXR and further altered BA synthesis and transport. In conclusion, the administration of antibiotics significantly decreased the intestinal microbiota diversity and subsequently altered the BA composition. The alterations in BA composition contributed to cholestasis in IF patients by regulating FXR signaling.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.856-867
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• 2020

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major gastroenteritis-causing pathogen in many Asian countries. Antimicrobial resistance in V. parahaemolyticus has been recognized as a critical threat to food safety. In this study, we determined the prevalence and incidence of antimicrobial resistance in V. parahaemolyticus in the southern Fujian coast, China. A total of 62 isolates were confirmed in retail aquatic products from June to October of 2018. The serotype O3:K6 strains, the virulence genes tdh and trh, antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing were investigated. Then plasmid profiling analysis and curing experiment were performed for multidrug-resistant strains. The results showed that the total occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus was 31% out of 200 samples. Five strains (8.1%) out of 62 isolates were identified as the V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pandemic clone. A large majority of isolates exhibited higher resistance to penicillin (77.4%), oxacillin (71%), ampicillin (66.1%) and vancomycin (59.7%). Seventy-one percent (44/62) of the isolates exhibited multiple antimicrobial resistance. All 62 isolates were grouped into 7 clusters by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and most of the isolates (80.6%) were distributed within cluster A. Plasmids were detected in approximately 75% of the isolates, and seven different profiles were observed. Seventy-six percent (25/33) of the isolates carrying the plasmids were eliminated by 0.006% SDS incubated at 42℃, a sublethal condition. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains could be an indication of the excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture farming. The rational use of antimicrobial agents and the surveillance of antibiotic administration may reduce the acquisition of resistance by microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2009

Purpose: This study compared the frequency of postoperative infections in patients for a closed mandibular fracture with that without the postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients and Methods: 48 patients without any specific medical history were divided into two groups depending on whether or not antibiotics had been applied after the surgery. The 24 patients in group 1 received only a second-generation cephalosporin ($Cefotetan^{(R)}$) intravenously from admission to immediate after the surgery. Likewise, 24 patients in group 2 received 1.0g of $Cefotetan^{(R)}$ twice daily longer than the third day after surgery. The mean (SD) duration of antibiotics administration after surgery was 6.9 (${\pm}3.56$). The patients were evaluated after surgery for any postoperative infections according to the criteria: purulent drainage from a wound, spontaneous wound dehiscence accompanied by swelling, pain, and fever around the wound. Results: Postoperative infections were encountered in 2 out of 24 patients in group 1, who received antibiotic medication until shortly after surgery, and in 3 out of the 24 patients in group 2, in whom the medication was continued even after the surgery. There was no sig nificant difference in the incidence of postoperative infections between the two groups. Conclusion: From this study, postoperative use of antibiotics seems to be unnecessary with view of the little significance of the factors that could affect the wound infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.515-519
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• 2004

Listeria spp. were isolated from a total of 402 naturally contaminated domestic ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable samples by the conventional Food and Drug Administration protocol and confinned by API-Listeria kit. Also, the susceptibility to 12 antibiotics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for virulence gene of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes isolates, and in vitro virulence assay using myeloma and hybridoma cells from murine and human sources were tested. Among the samples, 17 samples (4.2％) were found to be contaminated with Listeria species. Among the 17 strains of Listeria spp. isolates, only 2 strains (11.8％) of L. monocytogenes and 15 strains (88.2％) of L. innocua were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the Listeria spp. isolates were very susceptible to the antibiotics tested, except for nalidixic acid. Among 17 strains of Listeria spp., PCR analysis showed that 2 strains of L. monocytogenes isolates proved to have a virulence hly gene, but none of L. innocua had the hly gene. Also, hybridoma Ped-2E9 cells assay showed that only L. monocytogenes isolates killed approximately 95-99％ hybridoma cells after 6 h, but L. innocua isolates had about 0-5％ lethal effect. These results indicate that PCR assay with hly primer or hybridoma Ped-2E9 cells assay could be used as a good monitoring tool or in vitro virulence test for L. monocytogenes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.171-175
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• 1982

An oxytetracycline as being a tetracycline-antibiotic substance displayed a general synergism in the antimicrobial activity by the interaction of ginseng saponin and antibiotics, but did not to Sarcina maginata. Penicillin G.Na as being a $\beta$-lactam-antibiotic substance displayed a synergism in the antimicrobial activities by the addition of ginseng saponin to microorganisms used, but changed the effects in the antimicrobial activity of penicillin G.Na against the genus Serratia. An antimicrobial activity by the addition of ginseng saponin to antibiotics showed a non-specificity, and it varied synergism or antagonism to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium. It was assumed that a drug-resistance could be eliminated by the dual administration of ginseng saponin and antibiotics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.561-571
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• 1994

The comparative study on the predominant cultivable periodontopathic bacteria were done 2 weeks after the application of the e-PTFE membrane and collagen membrane in the controlled tissue regeneration procedures. The purpose of the present study also included the antibiotic susceptibility test (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin) of these cultured organisms. 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthwash (10ml twice/day for 6 weeks) and systemic doxycycline (200mg/day for 2 weeks) were administered for supragingival and subgingival plaque control respectively. Four clinical isolates of A.a. from 2 patients were found to be resistant to tetracycline which were susceptible to clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. One isolate of W.r. and two unidcntified microorganisms were resistant only to clindamycin and one isolate of NID BPB and E.c. and two isolates of unidentified microorganisms were resistant only to ciprofloxacin. Overall susceptibility of tested microorganisms to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and clindamycin were 85%, 77% and 89% respectively. The results indicated no significant differences in the percentage of cultivable periodontopathic bacteria between the two membranes, and also the microorganisms resistant to tetracycline after systemic administration of doxycycline turned out to be susceptible to either ciprofloxacin or clindamycin.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.610-614
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• 1998

DW-116, [1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquino-line-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride}, is a new quinolone antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum against G(+) and G(-) bacteria. DW-116 was evaluated for the immunomodulating activities, which is one of the efforts to investigate the mechanism of action related to the good in vivo antibacterial efficacy. The results of in vitro studies revealed there was no statistically significant increase in B and T lymphocyte proliferation. But the results of in vivo studies showed that the number of plaque forming cells (PFC), the amount of polyclonal antibodies and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) were significantly increased after the repeat administration with 12 and 60 mg/kg of DW-116. Taken together, these results proposed that immunostimulting effect of DW-116 could be one of the action mechanisms for demonstrating in vivo antibacterial activities under these experimental conditions.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.533-536
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• 2009

Withdrawal time of erythromycin in the cultured black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) was investigated to provide regulatory authority and fishery industry with full information needed to secure food safety of the fish treated with erythromycin. Medication was carried out using the experimental diet containing erythromycin of which concentration was 200 mg/kg diet and its daily dose was about 40 mg/kg body weight. The withdrawal time needed to reduce antibiotic contents around 10.0 mg/kg accumulated during 9 days medication below 0.2 mg/kg was identified about 10 days. The antibiotic with 13.7 mg/kg of fish on the $9^{th}$ days of medication was completely depleted after 30 days from stop of medication.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 1999

The 102 farms received a positive result of the bulk milk drug residue test were selected to investigate the reasons of drug residues in bulls milk. The most frequent causes of drug residues were milker or producer mistakes (28.4%), failure to observe withdrawal time (21.5%), and withholding milk from treated quarters only (19.6%). Milker or producer mistakes occurred high at the farms having a parlor system (4 cases out of 11 farms), and related to the inadequate records and marking of treated cows. The lack of knowledge on the absorption of antibiotic from treated quarters and its excretion from untreated quarters caused mainly withholding milk from treated quarters only. Among the 91 farms identified the cause of drug residues, most of the route of drug administration was intramammary infusion (81.3%), and mostly drug used for the treatment of cows was ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotic (57.1%)