• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1723-1729
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• 2018

The aim of this work is to investigate the protective efficacy of emodin, an active, naturally-occurring anthraquinone derivative of several traditional Chinese herbs, against Brucella abortus infection in macrophages. Brucella were incubated with different concentrations of emodin and showed that bacterial survival rates were markedly reduced in a dose-dependent manner at increasing incubation time points. Through bacterial infection assay, the highest non-cytotoxic concentration of emodin demonstrated attenuated invasion of Brucella into macrophages, however it did not inhibit the growth of these pathogens within the host cells. On the other hand, emodin effectively decreased the number of bacteria that adhered to host cells, which indicated its potential as an anti-adhesin agent. Furthermore, using immunoblotting and FACS assay for detecting MAPK signaling proteins and F-actin polymerization, respectively, the results showed that the emodin-incubated cells displayed modest reduction in the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and inhibition of F-actin polymerization as compared to control cells. These findings indicate the potential use of emodin as a naturally-occurring alternative method for the prevention of animal brucellosis although this requires confirmation of safe clinical doses.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.470-477
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to choose prinicipal food components contained in diet foods and food additives used for manufacturing processed foods and elucidate their in vivo effects on the growth pattern of Helicobacter pylori. To do this the antibacterial effects of various sources of carbon nitrogen and mineral as an effect agent on Helicobacter pylori were first assessed based upon bacterial growth degree. results show that the source of carbon tested had different effects on bacterial growth of Helicobacter pylori. It was revealed that a promotional effect of monosaccharides resulted in enhanced growth of Helicobacter pylori compared with disaccharides and polysacchrides, in particular glucose was observed to be most effective in growth of Helicobacter pylori among monosaccharides teste whereas mannose to hinder the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Polyols such as sorbitol mannitol maltitol and xylitol was however observed to show no promotion or suppression effect on growth of Helicobacter pylori. Apart from these the sources of amino acid and inorganic nitrogen were chosen and tested to assess the promotion or suppression effect of nitrogen sources on growth of helicobacter pylori. It was found that amino acid such as lysine showed its promotion effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori while arginine (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl showed no effect on its growth. Ammoia and urea were however observed to have a positive effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Among these effect agents lysine and methionine were revealed to show the most positive effect on growth of Helicobacter pylori. Minerals such as MgSO4 KH2PO4 and MgCl2 appered to exert their positive growth effects whereas CaCl2 and CaSo4 had a little effect. In addition FeSO4 FeCl2 and FeCl3 brought suppression on the growth of helicobacter pylori. In studies of the growth of Helicobacter pylori by food additives ascorbic acid showed extreme suppression on its growth,. Sodium nitrate and sodium chloride were also found to be of negative effect on the growth of Helicobacter pylori in rder of degree whereas tocopherol had nothing to do with microbial growth.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.502-510
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• 2017

This study investigated bacterial growth-inhibitory effect of 69 therapeutic herbal plants extracts on 9 bacterial strains using a disc diffusion assay. Especially, the antimicrobial activity of Psoraleae semen, which showed different activity on pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was evaluated by MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) and biofilm formation assay. The effect of Psoraleae semen extract on bacterial cell membranes was examined by measurement of protein leakage (optical density at 280 nm) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). No clear zone was formed on discs containing Gram-negative bacteria, but Gram-positive bacteria exhibited clear zones. The MICs of Psoraleae semen extract were $8{\mu}g/mL$ for Streptococcus mutans, and $16{\mu}g/mL$ for Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, biofilm formation was inhibited at concentration $8-16{\mu}g/mL$. Protein leakage values and SEM images revealed that cell membranes of Gram-positive bacteria were impaired following exposure to the extract. Further, the extract inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in sausages. These results indicate that Psoraleae semen extract could be utilized as a natural antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive bacteria.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.125-125
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• 1995

Quinolone계 항균제인 rufloxacin의 전임상시험의 일환으로 항원성 유발여부를 평가하기 여부를 평가하기 위하여 아나필락시스 쇼크 반응시험, 수동 피부 아나필락시스 반응시험 및 간접 적혈구 응집 반응시험을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 기니픽을 이용한 아나필락시스 쇼크 반응시험에서 rufloxacin의 저용량투여군(1mg/body, 추정임상용량), 고용량투여군(5mg/body), 고용량혼합투여군(5mg/body mixed with Freunds' complete or incomplete adjuvant) 및 단백결합혼합투여군(rufloxacin-BSA, 1mg/body)에 있어서 아나필락시스 쇼크 반응이 관찰되지 않았다. 2. 마우스-랫드를 이용한 수동 피부 아나필락시스 반응시험에서 저용량투여군, 고용량투여군, 오용량혼합투여군 및 bovine serum albumin(BSA)과 결합시킨 단백결합혼합투여군 모두에서 음성의 반응을 나타내었다. 3. 간접 적혈구 응집 반응시험 결과 저용량투여군, 고용량투여군, 고용량혼합투여군 및 단백결합혼합투여군에서는 각군당 1-4마리에서 16-32배에서 양성반응을 나타내었다. 그러나 음성대조군에서도 10마리 중 4마리에서 16-32배에서 양성반응을 나타낸 것으로 미루어 약물투여군에서의 미약란 양성반응이 약물특이적 반응은 아닌 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 실험결과로 미루어 rufloxacin은 항체 생성능은 가지지 않는 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 실험결과를 종합하여 볼 때 ndloxacin은 전반적인 항원성 potential은 없는 것으로 사료되며 또한 생체내에서 체내 단백과 결합하여 hapten으로 작용할 가능성은 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2012

Probiotics colonize the intestines and exert an antibacterial effect on pathogens. Therefore, probiotics could be used as a preventive agent against lethal infections. To isolate probiotic microorganisms, 116 bacterial strains were isolated from healthy cow's milk and were subjected to Gram-stain, morphology and biochemical analyses, Vitek analysis, and 16S rRNA analysis. One of the strains identified as Bacillus (B.) thuringiensis 87 was found to grow very well at pH 4.0~7.0 and to be resistant to high concentrations of bile salts (0.3~0.9% w/v). B. thuringiensis was susceptible to the antibiotics used in the treatment of bovine mastitis, yet it exhibited an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus 305. Moreover, it protected mice from experimental lethal infections of E. coli O55, Salmonella typhimurium 01D, and S. aureus 305 through a significant induction of interferon-${\gamma}$, even at four-week post-administration of B. thuringiensis. Although oral administration of B. thuringiensis 87 did not provide significant protection against these lethal challenges, these results suggest that B. thuringiensis 87 could be a feasible candidate as a probiotic strain.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2003

Polygalae Radix (PR) from Polygala tenuifolia. (Polygalaceae) is traditionally used in China and Korea, since this herb has a sedative, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial agent. To extend pharmacological actions of PR in the CNS on the basis of its CNS inhibitory effect, the present study examined whether PR has the neuroprotective action against kainic acid (KA) -induced cell death in primarily cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. PR, over a concentration range of 0.05 to $5{\mu}g/ml$ inhibited KA $(500\;{\mu}M)$-induced neuronal cell death, which was measured by a trypan blue exclusion test and a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. PR $(0.5{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by KA $(500\;{\mu}M)$, which was measured by HPLC. Pretreatment of PR $(0.5{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited KA $(500\;{\mu}M)$-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_c)$ which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fura 2-AM, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that PR prevents KA-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.994-1000
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• 2006

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a sweet herb of the Asteraceae family originally derived from South America. Twenty three bacterial strains and ten yeast strains were isolated from fermented Stevia extract and identified by general taxonomic methods and molecular genetic method. Isolated strains from fermented Stevia extract include ten species of bacteria which belong to five genus and one species of yeast. Based on 16S and 18S rDNA sequence analysis, phylogenetic trees were constructed. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated strains was examined against various bacteria and plant-pathogenic fungi. Among them, Lactobacillus paracasei SB13 showed strong antibacterial activity towards a wide range of bacteria. These results may be useful to develop environmentally friendly microbial agent for soil improvement.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2013

Presence of Helicobacter pylori is associated with an increased risk of developing upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. Antibiotic therapy and a combination of two or three drugs have been widely used to eradicate H. pylori infections. Due to antibiotic resistant drugs, new drug resources are needed such as plants which contain antibacterial compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of GutGard$^{TM}$ to inhibit H. pylori growth both in Mongolian gerbils and C57BL/6 mouse models. Male Mongolian gerbils were infected with the bacteria by intragastric inoculation ($2{\times}10^9$ CFU/gerbil) 3 times over 5 days and then orally treated once daily 6 times/week for 8 weeks with 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg GutGard$^{TM}$. After the final administration, biopsy samples of the gastric mucosa were assayed for bacterial identification via urease, catalase and ELISA assays as well as immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the Mongolian gerbil model, IHC and ELISA assays revealed that GutGard$^{TM}$ inhibited H. pylori colonization in gastric mucosa in a dose dependent manner. The anti-H. pylori effects of GutGard$^{TM}$ in H. pylori-infected C57BL/6 mice were also examined. We found that treatment with 25 mg/kg GutGard$^{TM}$ significantly reduced H. pylori colonization in mice gastric mucosa. Our results suggest that GutGard$^{TM}$ may be useful as an agent to prevent H. pylori infection.

• Clean Technology
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• v.13 no.1 s.36
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• pp.22-27
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• 2007

Pacquer traditionally has been used to varnish. Many reports have revealed that lacquer has durability and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, we expect that lacquer will be used as a good antifouling agent to solve the environmental problem. Here we chemically synthesized urushiol, a major component in lacquer and two urushiol derivatives, urusiol regioisomer and cardanol. We also analyzed the antimicrobial activities of these molecules to examine the inhibitory effect on the formation of the biofilms. Our results showed that synthesized urushiol and its derivatives have strong antifungal activities. Urushiol also exhibited inhibitory effect on the growth of gram positive bacteria specifically. However urushiol derivatives have low antibacterial activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.174-184
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• 1993

This is to investigate the methodology for the simultaneous determination of Wk, mk and TSNA using gas chromatography(GC) in combination with chemiluminescence detector, thermal energy analyzer(TEA) . The simultaneous analysis has been estimated by evaluating tobacco. The TEA was linked to GC equipped with non -polar SPB -5 fused silica capillary column which was introduced into the ceramic pyrolysis tube by the point of 16cm from the end of TEA. Quantification was carried out by internal standardization with WDPA after calibration of retention times and response factors with authentic nitrosoamines. It was demonstrated that WDPA was most preferable as internal standard for the simultaneous analysis. The recoveries of the internal standard were in the range of 83∼96% . Nitrosoamines in this method were detected with determination limit of 0.1ng and was made by a straight line in calibration curve by TEA response. The suitability of nitrosoamines extraction in tobacco leaf was investigated. It was most suitable to extract nitrosoamines from tobacco leaves with 0.01 M NaOH within a period of 8 hours. Thimerosal as an antibacterial agent was added to NaOH solution to prevent artifactual formation. The fractionation and the purification of nitrosoamines form alkaline extracts were conveniently performed using Extrelut multilayer column and dichloromethane. Reproducible and reliable results were obtained for the determination of nitrosamines in a relatively short time compared to previous known method. TSNA contents in burley were about 4 times higher as those in the fluecured tobacco.