• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.19-29
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• 2009

Objectives : Antioxidant effects of Gagam-jangwonhwan(LMK01 and 02) water extract against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma line PC 12. Methods : The cells were treated with LMK01 and 02 water extract and $H_2O_2$, oxidative damage-inducing materials for 24 h. The cellular viability was assessed by WST-1 assay, oxidative damages of the cells by 8-OHdG quantitation, apoptosis by Hoechst 33342 staining assay and activity of antioxidant enzymes by catalase and glutathione peroxidase assay. Results : 1. LMK01 and LMK02 water extracts improved significantly cell viability in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells 2, LMK02 suppressed significantly oxidative damage in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells but LMK01 didn't. Meanwhile, difference of oxidative damages in conditions treated with LMK01 or LMK02 was not significant, 3. The $H_2O_2$ induced-apoptosis in PC 12 cell lines was inhibited effectively by LMK01 and LMK02, and especially the features of apoptosis were obviously reduced in LMK02-treated cells. 4. LMK01 and LMK02 increased significantly activities of both catalase and glutathione peroxidase than those of $H_2O_2$-alone treated group and moreover, LMK02 showed significantly higher activities than those of LMK01. Conclusions : As shown, LMK01 and LMK02 suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death in PC 12 cell effectively. And they increased activity of major antioxidant enzymes in PC 12 cell line. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of clinical usage over oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1072-1078
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• 2012

The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of water and ethanol extracts from Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer (FVS) on hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and LPS-induced oxidative damage in PC-12 and RAW264.7 cells were investigated. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the water extract from FVS was the highest, and the 50% inhibitory concentration value was 0.388 mg/mL. Also, the antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts were determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity. In addition, water extract from FVS showed a strongly inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by measuring ferric thiocyanate values. The water extract decreased cell apoptosis in PC-12 cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage. In addition, FVS extracts exhibited the strongest nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. It was also found that FVS extract inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells. The findings of the present study suggest that extracts of FVS exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity against oxidative stress and/or stimulated cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2009

Aging is a multifaceted biological process that affects all organs and organ systems of the body. This review provides an up-to-date analysis of this highly exciting, rapidly changing field of science. The aging process is largely under genetic control but is highly responsive to diverse environmental influences. The genes that control aging are those that are involved with cell maintenance, cell damage and repair. The environmental factors that accelerate aging are those that influence either damage of cellular macromolecules, or interfere with their repair. Prominent among these are chronic inflammation, chronic infection, some metallic chemicals, ultraviolet light, and others that heighten oxidative stress. Other environment factors slow the aging process. Included among these agents are resveratrol and vitamin D. In addition, dietary restriction and exercise have been found to extend human lifespan. The various mechanisms whereby all these agents exert their influence on aging include epigenetic modification, chromatin maintenance, protection of telomeres, and anti-oxidant defense, among others. The complex process of aging remains under continued, intense investigation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.71-81
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• 2003

So-Hap-Hyang-Won, a traditional oriental medicine used in the treatment of stroke patients, was examined for its ability to reverse the cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). The effects of herbal medicine on cell proliferation and recovery of oxidative damaged situation were studied in BAEC, which was considered an appropriate in vitro model for stroke resulting from various vascular diseases prevalent in advanced age. In a clinical study of stroke patients, So-Hap-Hyang-Won appeared to improve considerably arm and leg movements as well as consciousness disturbance condition, compared with other traditional medicines used for stroke. When BAEC were treated with extracts of the lyophilized herbal medicines, only that of So-Hap-Hyang-Won stimulated cell proliferation and showed no toxicity even at high concentrations. In studies of BAEC treated with extracts of the lyophilized material of the 14 components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won, only the extract of Foeniculi Fructus stimulated cell growth at all concentrations tested. Moreover, when cells were treated with Foeniculi Fructus (10 and 100 mg/ml) extract after prior exposure to t-BHP ($l0\mu\textrm{M}$) or HNE ($0.2\mu\textrm{M}$), lipid peroxidation products which are known to be involved in aging and vascular diseases, or after the exposure to SIN-l ($500\mu\textrm{M}$), which generates nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive oxygen species, there was substantial recovery from the oxidative damage, presumably due to the radical-scavenging effect of Foeniculi Fructus extract. Foeniculi Fructus not only showed stimulatory effects on cell growth and cell damage repair in BAEC, but also appeared to show the most anti-aging activity among all the herbal components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative activities and cell protective effects of the constituents isolated from S. aqueum branches. DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities were screened for the ethanol extract and solvent fractions, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH) fractions showed potent activities. When HaCaT cells were treated with $H_2O_2$, the ethanol extract and EtOAc fractions ($20{\mu}g/mL$) protected the cells against oxidative damage. Two constituents were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of S. aqueum branches; pinocembrin (1), desmethoxymatteucinol (2). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra, as well as comparison of the data to the literature values. Anti-oxidative activities and cell protective effects were studied for the isolated compounds. For the anti-oxidative activities, all of the compounds 1 and 2 showed DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities. Also, from the cell protective effect test, the compounds 1 and 2 protected the cell against oxidative stress by $H_2O_2$. Based on these results, S. aqueum branches extract could be potentially applicable as anti-oxidant ingredients in cosmetic industries.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.99-109
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the anti-oxidative effects of electroacupuncture at Taegye($KI_3$) in rats. Methods : The methods are measures of experimental items including change of body weight, relative liver weight, level of alblumin, total bilirubin, LDL-cholesterol, LDH, GOT and GPT in blood serum, level of SOD, GSH, catalase, NO and MDA concentration in liver, histological change of liver. Results: 1. The $KI_3$-EA group lost weight in the beginning, and gained it gradually. 2. The liver ratio of the $KI_3$-EA group increased compared to the holder group, without any statistical significance. 3. The SOD activity, Glutathione concentration, and Catalase concentration increased, and the NO concentration and MDA concentration decreased in the $KI_3$-EA group significantly, compared to the holder group. 4. $KI_3$-EA group had more similar density to the normal group, than the holder group. Conclusion : The electroacupuncture application on Kb has anti-oxidation effect, by improving the body defence against the oxidation stress- induced cytotoxicity, and by supressing the oxidative liver damage.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.867-872
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• 2004

Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage to cells. Cells have a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from the toxicity of ROS. Mitochondria are especially important in the oxidative stress as ROS have been found to be constantly generated as an endogen threat. Mitochondrial defense depends mainly on super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas microsomal defense depends on catalase (CAT), which is an enzyme abundant in microsomes. SOD removes superoxide anions by converting them to $H_2O$$_2$, which can be rapidly converted to water by CAT and GPx. Also, GPx converts hydroperoxide (ROOH) into oxidized-glutathione (GSSG). Ovariectomized (OVX) rats are used as an oxidative stress model. An ovariectomy increased the levels of MDA, one of the end-products in the lipid peroxidative process, and decreased levels of the antioxidative enzymes； SOD, CAT and GPx. However, Chondroitin sulfate (CS) decreased the levels of MDA, but increased the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx in a dose-depen-dent manner. Moreover, inflammation and cirrhosis of liver tissue in CS- treated rats were sig-nificantly decreased. These results suggest that CS might be a potential candidate as an anti oxidative reagent.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.530-541
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• 2011

Objectives : Categorized as 'cheongyeol' herbs, Herba Prunellae, Flos Lonicerae and Radix Scutellaria have been proven to have effect on degenerative brain disease, cerebrovascular disease and brain tumor because of their anti inflammation, antioxidant, or anticancer effects. In this study, we studied activity against reactive oxygen species and anti inflammation effect of these three 'Cheongyeol' herbs. Methods : We measured each herb's yield of ethanol extracts, phenolic contents and activities against DPPH, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. Also through 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, we measured antioxidant effect and NO activity of the three herbs. From the three herbs, we chose Prunella Herba, which showed the highest antioxidant effect, and studied its cell survival rate and anti inflammation effect through COX-2 and iNOS. Results : All three herbs showed significant results, and especially Prunella Herba showed significant effect on phenol contents, antioxidant effect on various active oxygen and antioxidant, and anti inflammation effect through cell line. Conclusions : Further study of the origin concept of 'cheongyeol' and research into specific mechanisms and role in treatment of cranial nerve disease, seems warranted.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2004

Mudanpi (Cortex Moutan Radicis; the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is an important Chinese crude drug used in many oriental prescriptions. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), a major component of this crude drug, has been shown to possess potent antioxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative effects. In this study, I examined whether PGG could protect Neuro 2A cells, a kind of neuronal cell lines, from oxidative damage through the induction of HO-1 expression and HO activity. Exposure of Neuro 2A cells to PGG (10-50μM) resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent induction of HO-1 mRNA, and protein expressions and heme oxygenase activity. PGG protected the cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. The protective effect of PGG on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was abrogated by zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX), a HO inhibitor. These results indicate that PGG is a potent inducer of HO-1 and HO-1 induction is responsible for the PGG-mediated cytoprotection against oxidative damage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.411-416
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• 2023

Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful neurotoxic psychostimulant affecting dopamine transporter (DAT) activity and leading to continuous excess extracellular dopamine levels. Despite recent advances in the knowledge on neurobiological mechanisms underlying METH abuse, there are few effective pharmacotherapies to prevent METH abuse leading to brain damage and neuropsychiatric deficits. α-Pinene (APN) is one of the major monoterpenes derived from pine essential oils and has diverse biological properties including anti-nociceptive, anti-anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of APN in a METH abuse mice model. METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was injected into C57BL/6 mice for four alternative days, and a conditioned place preference (CPP) test was performed. The METH-administered group exhibited increased sensitivity to place preference and significantly decreased levels of dopamine-related markers such as dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum of the mice. Moreover, METH caused apoptotic cell death by induction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Conversely, APN treatment (3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced METH-mediated place preference and restored the levels of D2R and tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum. APN increased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 to pro-apoptotic Bax ratio and decreased the expression of inflammatory protein Iba-1. METH-induced lipid peroxidation was effectively mitigated by APN by up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes such as manganese-superoxide dismutase and glutamylcysteine synthase via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. These results suggest that APN may have protective potential and be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for METH-induced drug addiction and neuronal damage.