• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2015

목향(Saussurea lappa)은 다양한 생리활성을 나타내는 성분들은 알려져 있으나 세포내에서 신호전달 체계에 미치는 영향에 대해서 자세히 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서 목향의 에탄올 추출물이 Raw 264.7세포의 NO(nitric oxide) 항상성에 대한 논의를 하고자 한다. LPS(lipolysaccharide)로 유도한 후, NO(nitric oxide) 생성억제력과 IL-$1{\beta}$(interleukin-$1{\beta}$), TNF-${\alpha}$(tumour necrosis factor-${\alpha}$), iNOS와 COX-2를 전사수준(transcriptional level)에서 발현양상을 살펴보고자 한다. 목향의 에탄올 추출물은 RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS를 전처리한 후 유도되는 iNOS와 COX-2가 전사 수준에서 발현 억제와 pro-inflammatory cytokine인 TNF-${\alpha}$와 IL-$1{\beta}$의 발현을 효과적으로 저해함을 보였다. 본 연구 결과로 목향의 에탄올 추출물이 대식세포를 매개로 한 염증반응의 작용기전 연구에 있어서 NO(nitric oxide) 항상성에 영향이 있음을 융복합적 측면에서 고찰하였다. 향후 염증성 질환의 예방과 치료에 중요한 기초 자료로 제공하고 자 한다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2023

본 연구는 황칠나무(Dendropanax morbiferus, DM)의 잎과 뿌리 추출물을 함유한 발효음료인 콤부차를 제조하고, 소재의 항산화 및 세포내 활성을 분석하였다. 홍차만으로 발효한 콤부차와 발효 과정에서 DM 잎이나 뿌리 추출물을 첨가한 홍차를 사용하여 발효한 콤부차의 pH 변화, 전체 산도, 라디칼 소거능을 비교하였다. 또한 RAW 264.7 세포주를 활용하여 DM의 잎이나 뿌리 추출물을 함유한 콤부차가 세포 내 산화질소(NO) 생성 및 염증 관련 사이토카인 함량에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. DM 잎(BTKE-DML)과 뿌리(BTK-E-DMR)의 에탄올 추출물을 함유한 콤부차는 홍차만으로 제조한 콤부차(BTK-Ori)보다 발효 시작 3일 후 더 높은 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었다. RAW264.7 세포주를 이용한 in vitro 실험에서 세포독성을 고려하여 샘플을 8 mg/mL 콤부차로 처리한 결과, 지질다당류(LPS)로 유발된 NO 함량이 BTK-Ori 처리와 비교하였을 때 BTK-E-DML 및 BTK-E-DMR 처리에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한 LPS에 의해 자극되는 염증성 사이토카인인 인터루킨-6와 종양괴사인자-알파의 수준은 발효 15일 후 BTK-E-DML과 BTK-E-DMR을 처리한 세포에서 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다. 종합하면, 이러한 결과들은 DM의 잎 및 뿌리와 함께 발효된 콤부차는 항산화 활성이 증가되고, 세포 수준에서 염증 반응을 유의하게 조절할 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.206-213
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• 2009

본 연구는 RBL-2H3 세포에서 고삼의 NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) 활성 억제를 통한 과립감소와 전염증성 시토카인 억제 효과에 관한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서는 PMA와 A23187로 유발된 흰쥐 백혈병(RBL-2H3) 세포에서 고삼의 항알레르기 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 고삼은 투여량에 따라 $\beta$-hexosaminidase의 방출과 TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4, COX-2 등의 생성과 발현을 억제하였다. 실험결과 고삼은 $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p65)의 조절을 통하여 항알레르기 효과를 나타내었는데 이는 $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ 저해의 억제와 항염증 시토카인 발현 억제와도 관계가 있다는 내용이다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.159-177
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• 2008

Objectives : Crohn's disease is a severe chronic inflammation that is treated mainly by immunosuppression, which often has serious side effects. There is need to develop new therapeutic methods or drugs that have few side effects in order to treat this disease. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at Cheonchu (ST25) has anti-inflammatory properties, but the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory actions is unclear. We investigated the protective effects and speculated the mechanisms of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice which is a well known Crohn's disease animal model. Methods : 5 % TNBS was treated at day 1 and day 7 into rectum of mice. To investigate therapeutic effects of acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25, acupuncture was carried out on day 3, and day 6. For the data analysis, we observed macroscopic and microscopic findings of the colon. Weight and width of the colon, degree of damage, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity were checked. For analysing protein expression, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. For analysing mRNA expression, RT-PCR was carried out. Results : TNBS induced damages on the colon of mice, while acupuncture of Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed TNBS mediated damages similar to those on the colons of mice in the control (not treated with TNBS) group. The average body weight of TNBS treated mice (77.4%) was decreased compared with that of the control mice (105%), and acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed the loss of body weight caused by TNBS (from 77.4% to 95.3%). TNBS induced infiltration of immune cells in all layers of the colon while acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed infiltration of immune cells caused by TNBS. Furthermore, acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 suppressed macro-, micro- colonic damages caused by TNBS. Acupunctured with Moxi-tar at ST25 dramatically improved the clinical and histopathological symptoms such as the increase in weight of the distal colon and the MPO activity in TNBS-induced colitis. Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 down-regulated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) activity and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$), and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressions caused by TNBS. Conclusions : Acupuncture with Moxi-tar at ST25 helps recovery from the TNBS-induced colonic damage by down-regulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity and suppressing of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, and ICAM-1 expressions. This may be an important method for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.681-687
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• 2017

본 연구는 그라비올라 잎 에탄올 추출물(AME)의 항염증 효과에 관하여 알아보기 위하여 LPS에 의해 유도되는 대식세포 염증모델에 AME를 병용 처리하여 다양한 염증매개인자들의 분비능 및 염증억제 기전에 관하여 알아보았다. LPS의 처리에 따라 염증반응이 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 AME를 병용 처리하였을 때, NO 및 염증성 cytokine(IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 $IL-1{\beta}$)의 분비능이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, AME의 처리에 따라 염증반응의 매개인자인 iNOS 및 COX-2 발현이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 항염증 활성의 기전에 관하여 분석한 결과 염증성 단백질 발현의 전사인자인 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 MAPKs 신호전달 경로 억제를 통하여 추출물의 항염증 활성이 나타난다는 사실을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 통하여 AME의 처리는 염증반응의 전사인자인 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 발현을 조절함으로써 iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현을 억제하고, 염증성 매개인자인 NO 및 cytokine(IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 $IL-1{\beta}$)의 분비를 억제한다고 판단된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The traditional Korean diet is plant-based and rich in antioxidants. Previous studies have investigated the potential health benefits of individual nutrients of Korean foods. However, the cumulative effects of a Korean diet on inflammation remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a plant-based Korean diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 75 individual plant food items were selected which represent over 1% of the total diet intake of the Korean diet. These items were classified into ten different food groups, and the vegetable (Veg) and fruit (Fruit) groups were studied based on their high antioxidant capacity. For comparison, a mixture of all ten groups (Mix) was prepared. To produce a model of inflammation with which to test these Veg, Fruit, and Mix plant-based Korean food extracts (PKE), RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), as well as protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were found to be lower following PKE treatment. Furthermore, PKE treatment was found to suppress tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Overall, the Mix group exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory effects compared with Veg and Fruit PKE group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by the PKE tested was found to involve an inhibition of NF-kB activation. Moreover, PKE tested have the potential to ameliorate various inflammation-related diseases by limiting the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.986-992
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• 2009

Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of the innate immune system to defend viral infection. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) play critical roles in type I IFN production in response to viral infection. Luteolin is natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of action and impact of luteolin on innate immunity is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Luteolin inhibited Type I IFNs expression of mRNA and increased interleukin(IL)-10 expression of mRNA. Next, we examined the protective effects of IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA). Blockade of IL-10 action didn't cause a significant reduction of Type I IFNs than LPS-induced luteolin pretreatment. Pretreatment of luteolin inhibited the level of IRF-1, and IRF-7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Also, luteolin reduced the activation of STAT - 1, 3. Theses results suggest that luteolin inhibits LPS-induced the production of Type I IFNS by both IRFs and STATs not IL-10 and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2020

A number of species of the genus Trichilia (Meliaceae) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of Trichilia martiana C. DC. (TM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not, to the best of our knowledge, yet been determined. Therefore, in the present study, the antiinflammatory effect of TM on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. The ethanol extract of TM (TMEE) significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin 2 (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). TMEE also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. The upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB activation was revealed to be downregulated following TMEE pretreatment. Furthermore, TMEE was indicated to lead to the nucleus translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In H292 airway epithelial cells, the pretreatment of TMEE significantly downregulated the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1β, and TMEE was indicated to increase the expression of HO-1. In animal models exhibiting LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), treatment with TMEE reduced the levels of macrophages influx and TNF-α production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ALI mice. Additionally, TMEE significantly downregulated the activation of ERK, JNK and IκB, and upregulated the expression of HO-1 in the lungs of ALI mice. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that TMEE could exert a regulatory role in the prevention or treatment of the endotoxin-mediated inflammatory response.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.715-731
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder characterized by repeated emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms before menstruation, and the exact cause and mechanism are uncertain. Hyperprolactinemia interferes with the normal production of estrogen and progesterone, leading to PMS symptoms. Thus, we judged that the inhibition of prolactin hypersecretion could mitigate PMS symptoms. MATERIALS/METHODS: Hordeum vulgare L. extract (HVE), Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum extract (CZE), and Lomens-P0 the mixture of these extracts were tested in subsequent experiments. The effect of extracts on prolactin secretion at the in vitro level was measured in GH3 cells. Nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory mediator expression were measured in RAW 264.7 cells to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect. Also, the hyperprolactinemic Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice model was used to measure extract effects on prolactin and hormone secretion and uterine inflammation. RESULTS: Anti-inflammatory effects of and prolactin secretion suppress by HVE and CZE were confirmed through in vitro experiments (P < 0.05). Treatment with Lomens-P0 inhibited prolactin secretion (P < 0.05) and restored normal sex hormone secretion in the hyperprolactinemia mice model. In addition, extracts significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-1𝛽, and -6, tumor necrosis factor-𝛼, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 (P < 0.01). We used high-performance liquid chromatography analyses to identify tricin and chlorogenic acid as the respective components of HVE and CZE that inhibit prolactin secretion. The Lomens-P0, which includes tricin and chlorogenic acid, is expected to be effective in improving PMS symptoms in the human body. CONCLUSIONS: The Lomens-P0 suppressed the prolactin secretion in hyperprolactinemia mice, normalized the sex hormone imbalance, and significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers in uterine tissue. This study suggests that Lomens-P0 may have the potential to prevent or remedy materials to PMS symptoms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.761-767
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with a functional fatty acid blend (FA) that contains 31.4% butyric acid and 4.99% medium-chain FA improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity status, and anti-inflammatory ability in weaned piglets. Methods: One hundred and forty-four healthy piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 7.98±3.43 kg were randomly divided into three groups with six replicate pens and eight piglets per pen: Normal control (NC): a corn-soybean basal diet; FA1: a basal diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg of a functional FA; FA2: a basal diet supplemented with 2,000 mg/kg of a functional FA. The experiment lasted for 28 d. On d 14 and 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for antioxidative index and immunoglobulins. On d 28, one piglet in each pen from NC and FA2 groups was randomly selected for intestinal morphology and inflammatory factor. Results: We observed that FA supplementation linearly increased (p<0.05) average daily gain and the final BW. There was higher (p<0.05) catalase on d 14, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM on d 28 in piglets supplemented with FA2 than in the NC group. Moreover, dietary FA2 reduced (p<0.05) crypt depth of ileum in piglets. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 in jejunum were lower (p<0.05) in the FA2 group compared with the NC group. Conclusion: Therefore, the overall results suggests that the FA may help to improve gut health, antioxidant status, and immune parameters resulting in the improvement of growth performance.