• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

Objectives The object of this study was to assess the effect of Gyejibokryunghwan (GBH) on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors associated with fracture union in tibia-fractured rats. Methods The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was measured to assess anti-oxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin, calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTXII), transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in serum of tibia-fractured rats were measured to assess the effects of fracture union. X-rays were taken every two weeks from 0 to 4th week to assess fracture union effect. Results DPPH radical scavenging activity of GBH was increased according to concentration of GBH in RAW 264.7 cell. NO, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were significantly decreased, indicating anti-inflammatory effect. Osteocalcin, calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ were significantly increased in the experimental groups. CTXII was significantly decreased in the experimental groups. BMP-2 was not significantly changed in the experimental groups. The X-ray showed that the experimental group has better healing effects on tibia-fractured rats than control group. Conclusions From above result, GBH has an effect on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. GBH showed significant results in factors related with fracture union and radiologic examination. In conclusion, GBH can help fracture union and it well be expected to be used actively in clinics.

• Journal of Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of extract from Hwang lyun tang (HLT) on the THP-1 cell and HMC-1 cell. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory of HLT, we examined cytokines production in lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced THP-1 cell and A23187, PMA-induced HMC-1 cell. Extract of HLT inhibit LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production in human monocyte THP-1 cells. Extract of HLT inhibit A23187, PMA-induced IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (INF-$\alpha$) production in HMC-1 cells. HLT down-regulated LPS-induced IL-8 production and A23187, PMA-induced IL-8, TNF-$\alpha$ production, which may be provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properities of HLT.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.66
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• pp.29-38
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• 2023

Recent studies have highlighted the link between diseases and inflammation across our lifespan. Our sedentary lifestyle, high-calorie diet, chronic stress, chronic infections, and exposure to pollutants and xenobiotics, collectively intensify the course and recurrence of infections and inflammation in our bodies, promoting the prevalence of chronic diseases and aging. Given such phenomena and considering additional factors such as the frequency of prescription, and easy access to over-the-counter drugs, the need for anti-inflammatory therapeutics is ever-increasing. However, the readily available anti-inflammatory treatment option comes with a greater risk of side effects or high cost (biologics). Therefore in this growing competition of discovering and developing new potent anti-inflammatory drugs, we focused on utilizing the established knowledge of traditional medicine to find lead compounds. Since lead optimization is an indispensable step toward drug development, we applied this concept for the production of potent anti-inflammatory compounds achieved by structural modification of flavonoids. The derivative obtained through acetylation of myricetin, 3,3',4',5,5',7-hexaacetate myricetin, showed a greater inhibitory effect in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, Prostaglandin E₂, and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6, interleukin1β, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells compared to myricetin. The increased potency of inhibition was in conjunction with an increased inhibitory effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 proteins. Through such measures, this study supports lead optimization for well-established lead compounds from traditional medicine using a simpler and greener chemistry approach for the purpose of designing and developing potent anti-inflammatory therapeutics with possibly fewer side effects and increased bioavailability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1423-1426
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• 2008

Nuruk, which is a natural inoculator and source of amylolytic enzymes, is used in Korean traditional rice wine. A methanol extract of nuruk (NE) attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite and interleukin (IL)-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Both the n-hexane and water fractions from NE (MEH and MW, respectively) inhibited the production of nitrite and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. MEH and MW also inhibited the LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Further, and MEH protected against the LPS-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Together, these results indicate that nuruk may contribute to the anti-inflammatory and cancer-preventive effects of Korean traditional rice wine.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.265-271
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• 2014

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a potent anti-apoptotic cytokine that enhances immune effector cell functions and is essential for lymphocyte survival. While it known to induce differentiation and proliferation in some haematological malignancies, including certain types of leukaemias and lymphomas, little is known about its role in solid tumours, including breast cancer. In the current study, we investigated whether IL-7 could enhance the in vivo antitumor activity of tumor-reactive $CD8^+$ T cells with induction of IFN-${\gamma}$ in a murine breast cancer model. Human IL-7 cDNA was constructed into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1, and then the recombinational pcDNA3.1-IL-7 was intratumorally injected in the TM40D BALB/C mouse graft model. Serum and intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ levels were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was analyzed using the MTT method. Our results showed that IL-7 administration significantly inhibited tumor growth from day 15 after direct intratumoral injection of pcDNA3.1-IL-7. The anti-tumor effect correlated with a marked increase in the level of IFN-${\gamma}$ and breast cancer cells-specific CTL cytotoxicity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that IL-7-treatment could augment cytolytic activity of $CD8^+$ T cells from tumor bearing mice, while anti-IFN-${\gamma}$ blocked the function of $CD8^+$ T cells, suggesting that IFN-${\gamma}$ mediated the cytolytic activity of $CD8^+$ T cells. Furthermore, in vivo neutralization of $CD8^+$ T lymphocytes by CD8 antibodies reversed the antitumor benefit of IL-7. Thus, we demonstrated that IL-7 exerts anti-tumor activity mainly through activating $CD8^+$ T cells and stimulating them to secrete IFN-${\gamma}$ in a murine breast tumor model. Based on these results, our study points to a potential novel way to treat breast cancer and may have important implications for clinical immunotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil extracted from the wood of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc. Endl. (Cupressaceae). The essential oil was extracted from the wood of C. obtusa by hydrodistillation method, and conducted the analysis on the chemical composition of the extracted C. obtusa wood oil through GC-MS. The major constituents of the oil were found to be: ${\alpha}-pinene$ (11.4%), cadinene (5.4%), ${\delta}-cadiene$ (9.0%), ${\tau}-muurolol$ (22.2%), ${\alpha}-cadinol$ (20.8%) etc. We attempted to identify the anti-inflammatory activities of the oil when it is injected in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, along with its effects on the secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$. According to the cell viability analysis conducted by MTT assay, the oil in $10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-5}%$concentration showed no effect on the cell viability. After RBL-2H3 cells treated by LPS stimulation were exposed to $10^{-7}%$ concentration of C. obtusa wood oil, the expression levels of IL-4, IL-13 within the cell were observed to remarkably decrease. Also, it was attenuated the release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ from mast cells to a significantly meaningful level. These results suggest that C. obtusa wood oil exerts the anti-inflammatory effect, by regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which is a valuable feature to be highly utilized as the functional materials in the future.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

Anti-inflammatory effects of dihydrobenzofuran neolignans isolated from Euonymus alatus leaves and twigs were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Six neolignans, (+)-simulanol (1), (+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (2), (-)-simulanol (3), (-)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (4), (+)-dihydrodehyrodiconiferyl alcohol (5), threo-buddlenol B (6) effectively inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by LPS, and the activity of iNOS. (-)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (4), which showed the most potent inhibitory activity, attenuated the activity of iNOS enzyme and also the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and prostaglandin E2 were also inhibited by the pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with (-)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (4). These neolignans are thought to contribute to anti-inflammatory effects of E. alatus, and expected to be potential candidates to prevent/treat inflammation-related diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.4977-4982
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• 2016

Introduction: Elevated serum interleukin (IL) 6 has been reported in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), but it remains debatable whether this influences the production of autoantibodies and the biochemical profile of HCV disease. Therefore, this current study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between IL-6 and circulating autoantibody levels in HCV positive patients. Methods: Levels of IL-6 in serum samples from 102 patients with HCV and 103 normal controls were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Autoantibodies were detected by immunofluorescence. Results: Levels of IL-6 were significantly higher (p=0.028) in patients infected with (HCV) compared with normal group. Autoantibodies were noted in in 43.1% of the patients; of these, 23.5% featured anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA+), 16.7% anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA+), 7.8% anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA+), 17.6% anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA+), 7.8% anti canalicular antibodies, and 2.9% anti reticulin antibodies (ARA+). No patients were found to be positive for anti-brush border antibodies (ABBA) or anti-ribosomal antibodies. (ARiA). No links with IL-6 levels were apparent. Conclusions: IL-6 levels are increased in patients infected with HCV disease and could influence the production of autoantibodies. However, this study did not provide evidence of a specific relationship between IL6 and circulating autoantibodies in such cases.

• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis is frequently used as a cost-effective and efficient method to obtain functional ingredients from bioresources. This study involved the enzyme-assisted hydrolyzation and purification of fucoidan from Ecklonia maxima stipe and the investigation of its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Fucoidans of Viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima (EMSFs) harvested in Jeju, Korea. Structural and chemical characterizations were performed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and monosaccharide analysis. Among fucoidans, EMSF6 was rich in fucose and sulfate and had a similar structural character to commercial fucoidan. EMSF6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on nitric oxide generation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and significantly decreased the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α. The anti-inflammatory potential of EMSF6 was mediated through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Thus, fucoidans from E. maxima stipe are promising candidates for functional food products.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.238-244
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• 2020

Yangdan-tang (YD) is recorded as a treatment to treat exterior-related fever illness in the Korean medicine. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of YD, using YD water extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. First of all, we measured the amount of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the products of inflammatory metabolism. Also, we measured enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). YD suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in a dose dependent manner and reduced the amount of protein and the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, YD reduced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and IL-1β. In conclusion, YD decreased production of LPS-induced inflammatory factor, which could be a clinical basic subject for inflammatory diseases.