• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2007

In the present study, we has been isolated the anti-cariogenic component, stigmasterol, from Aralia continentalis (A. continentalis) and identified by MS, $^1$H-NMR and $^{13}$C-NMR and also investigated the anti-cariogenic properties of stigmasterol. The methanol extract of ,A. continentalis showed concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against the growth and acid production of S. mutans. The MeOH extract was suspended in H$_2$O and sequentially partitioned with n-hexane, CHCl$_3$, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. The CHCl$_3$ fraction showed remarkable antibacterial activity against S. mutans. The anti-cariogenic compound, stigmasterol, has been isolated successively through the screening system and various chromatography methods. Anti-cariogenic properties of stigmasterol were also investigated. From this active chloroform subfraction, isolation and identification finally gave (24E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3${\beta}$-ol (stigmasterol) {[a]$_D\;^{25}$ -48.33$^{\circ}C$(C 0.28, CHCl$_3$)} by spectroscopic methods (MS, $^1$H-NMR and $^{13}$C-NMR) as an active principle. The compound, stigmasterol, showed significant growth, acid production, adhesion and water-insoluble glucan synthesis inhibitory effect against S. mutans. These results suggest that stigmasterol from ,A. continentalis may inhibit cariogenic properties of S. mutans and these properties may provide some scientific rationales that the local inhabitants used the extracts for treatment of dental diseases.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Gargle solution has typically been used for the prevention of oral infectious disease such as dental caries and periodontitis. However, the use of most gargle solutions is controversial in application for children because some gargle solutions have harmful side effects. Electrolyzed water is generated by passed an electric current and has antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of electrolyzed water in various conditions for eliminating cariogenic bacteria. Electrolyzed water was generated by a platinum electrode in the presence of sodium chloride at various concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were cultivated into a brain heart infusion broth. After harvesting planktonic bacteria, the pellets were treated with the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions and plated on a mitis-salivarius agar plate. Also, the anti-biofilm activity of the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions was investigated after biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The bacteria in the biofilm were plated onto a mitis-salivarius agar plate. The plates were incubated, and the colony forming unit was measured. The electrolyzed water containing sodium chloride showed significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus as well as some gargle solutions. Furthermore, the electrolyzed water had more disruptive effect on the biofilm of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and killed more bacteria in the biofilm than commercial gargle solutions. The results demonstrate that electrolyzed water may be a useful gargle solution for prevention of dental caries.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.273-276
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• 2000

In the course of surveying the anti-plaque agents for dental caries prevention, the extract of Korean green tea leaves (KGTL) was tested for inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans adhering to glass surfaces in the presence of crude glucosyltransferase (GTase). The extracts of KGTL showed a positive inhibitory activity against GTase. The active compound was purified through Sephadex LH-20 and MCI gel CHP-20P columns. A positive reaction was shown in the anisaldehyde-$H_2SO_4$ test, which confirmed the condensed tannin. The inhibitory compound was identified as 3-galloylprocyanidin $B_3$ through IR, negative FAB-mass, and $^{1}H$-NMR spectroscopic analyses. Acetone extract and 3- galloylprocyanidin $B_3$ of KGTL showed inhibitory effect against GTase. The percent of inhibition was determinated to be 71.84% (P<0.01) with 10 mM 3-galloylprocyanidin B3. The 3-galloylprocyanidin $B_3$, which possessed a galloyl, showed a higher inhibitory activity against glucosyltransferase than monomeric (+)-catechin and procyanidine $B_3$ which had no galloyl group.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.559-564
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• 2012

It has been reported that dried orange peel in a medicine prepared from crude drugs has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral functions, prevents circulatory diseases, reduces lipids, improves immunity, and strengthens capillary vessels. This study attempted to identify the antibacterial effects of dried orange peel extract on S. mutans causing dental caries, and its effects on GTase activation. The extract was put on the medium at the concentration of 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml and its effects on the inhibition of S. mutans growth were examined. Analysis found that the higher the concentration was, the more the number of colonies was reduced. In accordance with the measurement after 8 hours, the extract displayed a high growth inhibition rate: 92% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, 95% at a concentration of 10 mg/ml and 99% at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Furthermore, the GTase deactivation rate by the extract was measured. The higher the concentration of extract was, the more rapidly the deactivation rate increased. The deactivation rate of the extract was significant at 42% at a concentration of 5mg/ml.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2018

Periodontitis is generally a chronic disorder characterized by breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues, producing dentition loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a Gramnegative anaerobic rod, is one of the major pathogens associated with periodontitis. Neutrophils are first line defense cells in the oral cavity that play a significant role in inflammatory response. Xylitol is a known anti-caries agent and has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of xylitol on P. gingivalis infected neutrophils for possible usage in prevention and treatment of periodontal infections. P. gingivalis was intraperitoneally injected and peritoneal lavage was collected for cytokine determination. For in vitro study, neutrophils were collected from mouse peritoneal cells after zymosan injection or bone marrow cells. Neutrophils were stimulated with live P. gingivalis and ELISA was used to determine the effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis induced cytokine production. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration and neutrophil population in the peritoneal lavage was increased in P. gingivalis-infected mouse. Peritoneal cells infected with live P. gingivalis revealed significantly increased production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ at multiplicity of infection of 10. Neutrophils from bone marrow and peritoneal lavage revealed increased production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Xylitol significantly mitigated P. gingivalis induced cytokine production in neutrophils. Findings indicate that xylitol is an anti-inflammatory agent in neutrophils infected with live P. gingivalis, that suggests its use in periodontitis management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.203-216
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• 2017

Purpose: This literature review was performed to assess the effect of raisins on human health. Methods: A review of Medline was conducted using the keywords: 'raisins, raisins and health, raisins and cardiovascular disease (CVD), raisins and cancer, raisins and diabetes, raisins and fiber, raisins and colon health, raisins and antioxidants, raisins and inflammation, raisins and dental caries'. The reference lists from previous review articles on raisins and human health and the California Raisin Marketing Board files were reviewed for additional studies. Results: Raisins have one of the highest polyphenolic content and antioxidant ORAC levels compared to other traditional dried fruits. Many of the polyphenols in raisins are well assimilated and bioavailable. Raisin consumption reduces low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar, when compared to equal caloric carbohydrate snacks and is associated with a reduced risk of CVD. The anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive effects of raisins are mixed. Raisin consumption reduces intestinal transit time and positively affects gut microbiota. Raisins produce sustained energy during long term athletic competitions equal to traditional sports energy gels, shots and jelly beans. Raisins produce a non-cariogenic oral environment and do not fit the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria to be considered a choking hazard. Conclusions: Based on the review of literature, consumption of raisins provide numerous health benefits for promoting general wellness and in the prevention of many chronic diseases including: CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gastrointestinal diseases, and dental caries.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2008

Trisodium phosphate 12 hydrate and citric acid monohydrate mixture showed the strong anti-sticking effect on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius, which are adhered to glass beads. Each Streptococcus species was shaking-cultured in brain heart infusion broth containing three glass beads. After 18 hr, glass beads were slightly washed into normal saline by three-pin-pointed pincette. Each three glass-beads set was put into reagent -containing tubes, which have 40 mg of bits of weighing paper for gaining brushing effect as similar as brushing one's teeth. The tubes were shaken by vortex mixer for 10 min except non-oral microbe, Streptococcus agalactiae (5 min). The samples were colony-counted by serial agar dilution method. Experiment was repeated three times for each Streptococcus species. The relative ratios of bacterial de-adherence by reagents were calculated in comparison with normal saline control. The de-adherence degree of citric acid-trisodium phosphate-saline mixture (CTS, pH 6.0) against Streptococcus mutans came to an average of 12.5 times compared with normal saline control. Trisodium-saline (TS, pH 8.4) showed the average of 7.5 times, and citric acid-saline (CS, pH 4.6) showed 6.0 times compared to the control group. The bacterial de-adherence degree against Streptococcus salivarius was each 7.2,2.6 and 2.8 times in above reagent sequence in comparison with saline control. CTS and TS showed 2.4 and 3.4 times of anti-sticking effect on Streptococcus mitis respectively, but CS had no anti-sticking effect on this bacterium. CTS, TS and CS showed 0.7, 0.6, and 0.6 times on non-oral microbe, Streptococcus agalactiae, separately compared with saline control. These results show that oral Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus mitis, which are causative of dental caries or subacute endocarditis, may be easily removed from oral cavity by CTS mixture. It is conceivable that our experimental results will enable the development of a new conceptive toothpaste to prevent dental caries or subacute endocarditis after drawing teeth.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 2019

Xylitol is well-known to have an anti-caries effect by inhibiting the replication of cariogenic bacteria. In addition, xylitol enhances saliva secretion. However, the precise molecular mechanism of xylitol on saliva secretion is yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the stimulatory effect of xylitol on saliva secretion and to further evaluate the involvement of xylitol in muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) signaling. For determining these effects, we measured the saliva flow rate following xylitol treatment in healthy individuals and patients with dry mouth. We further tested the effects of xylitol on M3R signaling in human salivary gland (HSG) cells using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. Xylitol candy significantly increased the salivary flow rate and intracellular calcium release in HSG cells via the M3R signaling pathway. In addition, the expressions of M3R and aquaporin 5 were induced by xylitol treatment. Lastly, we investigated the distribution of M3R and aquaporin 5 in HSG cells. Xylitol was found to activate M3R, thereby inducing increases in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor induced by xylitol activated the internalization of M3R and subsequent trafficking of aquaporin 5. Taken together, these findings suggest a molecular mechanism for secretory effects of xylitol on salivary epithelial cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2016

Streptococcus mutans plays a virtal role in trigering dental caries establishment due to its ability to synthesize two significant factors. The two factors are organic acids and glucans. The former demineralized dental enamel and the latter mediates the attachment of bacteria to tooth surface. It is believed that demineralization of dental enamel and attachment of bacteria are the crucial events that indicate and develop dental caries. For this reason, we studied the effect of the ethanol extracts of Radix Pulsatillae on the growth and acid production of S. mutans. Ethanol extracts of the Radix Pulsatillae showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth and acid production of S. mutans, and produced significant inhibition compared to the control groups (p<0.05). The extracts inhibited S. mutans adherence to hydroxyapatite treated with saliva, and cell adherence was repressed by Radix Pulsatillae. the ethanol extract of Radix Pulsatillae showed remarkable inhibition of glucosyltransferase, which synthesizes water insoluble glucan form sucrose. Phytochemical analysis showed Radix Pulsatillae contained major components such as phenolic compounds, glycosides, steroids, terpenoid, and saponin. These results suggest that Radix Pulsatillae may have anti-cariogenic properties, which may be related with major components such as phenolic compounds, glycosides, steroids, terpenoid, and saponin.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2005

To increase IgY in egg yolks, hens were fed a feed supplemented with kelp meal $4\%$ cinnamon $0.3\%$ and mint $2\%$ respectively, and immunized 5 times with Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) at 2 week intervals. Groups fed experimental feeds without immunization showed higher laying rate than the control group, without supplementary feed and immunization. After the immunization, the laying rates had been decreasing due to the stress of immunization. The laying rate was recovered after the termination of immunization. Egg weight was not affected by the immunization but diets. Feed intake was dependent on the laying rate. Total IgY concentration in eggs laid from hens fed feeds containing supplementary feeds was higher than that of control. Especially, total IgY was increased up to $7.9\%$ in eggs laid from hens fed feeds supplemented with $4\%$ of kelp meal. Anti-S. mutans IgY was detected at 4 weeks after first immunization. Activity of anti-S. mutans IgY was sustained at 5 week after the final immunization. As the average concentration of specific IgY during the experimental period showed that eggs from hens fed the feed containing $4\%$ of kelp meal increased the specific IgY by $8.5\%$ kelp meal supplement improved specific IgY production by immunization.