• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

In review of "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" of clinical and experimental studies on malignant tumor, we obtained the conclusions as follows 1. Asthenic splenic qi is an important factor in mutation, occurrence and development of tumor. 2. The anti-tumor mechanism of "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is improvement of immune suveillance, controling cell proliferating period and enhancing body metabolism. 3. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is often used with "nourishing kidney" or "expelling pathogen" for treating cnacer. 4. In experimental studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on inhibiting occurrence and development of tumor, protecting mutation, inhibiting recurrence and metastasis, immune activity, enhancing metabolism, promoting bone marrow hemopoietic cell proliferation, increasing anti-tumor effect and protecting normal cells. 5. In clinical studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on prolonging the survival period of cancer patients, improving clinical symptoms and quality of life of cancer patients, degrading the side effects of western therapie(operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). 6. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is an extensive discipline of syndrome differentiation used to inhibit occurence, development, recurrence and metastasis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.540-546
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• 2014

The high mortality rates associated with cancer reflect the metastatic spread of tumor cells from the site of their origin. Metastasis, in fact, is the cause of 90% of cancer deaths. Therefore, considerable effort is being made to inhibit metastasis. In the present study, we screened ketotifen for anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cancer cells. Cancer cell migration and invasion were measured using multi-well chambers. Additionally, western blots were used to examine the effects of ketotifen on the expressions of CDC42, Rho, Rac, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). The results showed that ketotifen dose-dependently suppressed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cells. Ketotifen also suppressed the expressions of CDC42, Rac, and Rho, which, significantly, are involved in MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cancer cell migration. Moreover, ketotifen suppressed the expression and activity of MMP-9, which is involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix leading to invasion. The overall data suggested that ketotifen suppresses the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cancer cells via inhibition of CDC42, Rac, Rho, and MMP-9 expression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5887-5895
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• 2012

Background: To determine the effect of essential oil obtained from a traditionally used medicinal plant Tridax procumbens L, on lung metastasis developed by B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods: Parameters studied were toxicity, lung tumor nodule count, histopathological features, tumor directed capillary vessel formation, apoptosis and expression levels of $P^{53}$ and caspase-3 proteins. Results: In vitro the MTT assay showed cytotoxicity was found to be high as 70.2% of cancer cell death within 24hrs for $50{\mu}g$. In vivo oil treatment significantly inhibited tumor nodule formation by 71.7% when compared with untreated mice. Formation of tumor directed new blood vessels was also found to be inhibited to about 39.5%. TUNEL assays also demonstrated a significant increase in the number of apoptotic positive cells after the treatment. $P^{53}$ and caspase-3 expression was also found to be greater in the essential oil treated group than the normal and cancer group. Conclusions: The present investigation showed significant effects of the essential oil of Tridax procumbens L in preventing lung metastasis by B16F-10 cell line in C57BL/6 mice. Its specific preventive effect on tumor directed angiogenesis and inducing effect on apoptosis warrant further studies at the molecular level to validate the significance of Tridax procumbens L for anticancer therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5397-5402
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• 2013

The rates of morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not lessened because of difficulty in treating tumor metastasis. Mongolian Saussurea involucrata (SIE) possesses various anticancer activities, including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, detailed effects and molecular mechanisms of SIE on metastasis are unclear. Thus, the present study was undertaken to investigate antimetastatic effects on HCC cells as well as possible mechanisms. Effects of SIE on the growth, adhesion, migration, aggregation and invasion of the SK-Hep1 human HCC cell line were investigated. SIE inhibited cell growth of metastatic cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Incubation of SK-Hep1 cells with $200-400{\mu}g/mL$ of SIE significantly inhibited cell adhesion to gelatin-coated substrate. In the migration (wound healing) and aggregation assays, SIE treated cells showed lower levels than untreated cells. Invasion assays revealed that SIE treatment inhibited cell invasion capacity of HCC cells substantially. Quantitative real time PCR showed inhibitory effects of SIE on MMP-2/-9 and MT1-MMP mRNA levels, and stimulatory effects on TIMP-1, an inhibitor of MMPs. The present study not only demonstrated that invasion and motility of cancer cells were inhibited by SIE, but also indicated that such effects were likely associated with the decrease in MMP-2/-9 expression of SK-Hep1 cells. From these results, it was suggested that SIE could be used as potential anti-tumor agent.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1423-1429
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• 2009

Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815 was isolated from nuruk that has been used to make Korean traditional wines. This study was performed to investigate the effect of cultures of R. oryzae KSD-815 on cardiovascular disorders and cancer metastasis. Firstly, these cultures were sequentially fractionationed with n-hexane (TAHe), ethylacetate (TAE), n-butanol (TAB), and $H_2O$ (TAW). The TAE inhibited the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and TAB suppressed platelet aggregation in vitro. TAE and TAB inhibited cell motility of human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, TAW interrupted the formation of neovasculature and tube-like structure, and down-regulated the expression of angiogenic factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), and hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) in breast cancer cells. These results indicated that cultures of R. oryzae KSD-815 display the inhibitory activities on hypertension, platelet aggregation, and metastasis, and suggest that these cultures might be further probed for the purposes as therapeutic agents or dietary supplements.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2016

Dendrimers are one of the most appropriate nanocaries for imaging moieties in imaging applications.The purpose of this study was the evalution of cytotoxicity and inducing apoptosis of dendrimers. This study was conducted in order to investigate the metastasis suppression effect of dendrimer in human breast MCF-7 cell line and finding the nanoparticle protein corona in biological enviromental. Dendrimer cytotoxicity effect was assessed by MTT assay. The mRNA experession level of KAI1 as a metastasis suppressor gene, Bax as Pro- apoptotic gene, Bcl-2 as an anti-apoptotic gene and GAPDH as a housekepping gene were determined by real-time PCR assays.concentration-dependent nanoparticle cytotoxicity effect was proofed at range of 1-2 mg/mL in 24 hours, significant upregulation of mRNA expression of Bax, was observed whereas expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was down-regulated, also expression of metastasis suppressor gene KAI1 was up-regulated. So far a few studies confirmed apoptosis enhancement effect of dendrimers in MCF-7 cell line via bax/bcl-2 pathways. dendrimer nanoparticles was able to act as metastase inhibitor via upregulation of KAI1 gene.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.30-47
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• 2015

Objective : Melanoma is a very critical and devastating disease. Although many people have depended on surgical operation in melanoma treatment, they have placed importance on non-invasive methods constantly. So we planned to establish a research methodology by analysing existing articles containing conservative melanoma treatments in Journals of Korean Medicine published in Korea.Methods : Using search words of anti-cancer, B16, cancer, lung metastasis, melanoma, metastasis, S-100, SK-MEL, tumor, tyrosinase, we collected 26 articles by searching internet portal sites as following;Using search words of anti-cancer, B16, cancer, lung metastasis, melanoma, metastasis, S-100, SK-MEL, tumor, tyrosinase, we collected 26 articles by searching internet portal sites as followinghttp://oasis.kiom.re.kr,http://www.koreantk.com,http://www.riss.kr,http://www.dbpia.co.kr,http://www.ndsl.kr,http://kiss.kstudy.com,http://www.naver.com,http://www.google.com.Result : The number of articles is 26 and in the year of 2003, 2004 is ranked the highest number in publication. The journal of acupuncture & moxibustion society ranked the highest(30.8%). 2 and 4 authors ranked the highest(26.9%) in number of authors. T-test ranked the highest(58.1%) in statistics methods. P.O. med indicated in 11 articles and Pharmacopuncture in 15 articles. B16 murine melanoma cell was indicated in 25 articles by cancer-induced methods. In measurement, T cell activity was indicated in 14 articles, NK activity in 4 articles, IL-2 in 6 articles, apoptosis in 1 article, lung metastasis in 14 articles.Conclusion : Considering overall results, it is necessary to diversify cancer-induced methods and measurement methods in experimental melanoma research.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.304-312
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• 2021

The present study aimed to develop new physiologically active ingredients from Angelica gigas. The polysaccharides purified from A. gigas, AGE-2c-I, showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent manner. C₃ activation products were identified through crossed immuno-electrophoresis using anti-human C₃ antibodies and the anti-complementary activity of AGE-2c-I under Ca⁺⁺-free conditions suggests that AGE-2c-I may induce complementary activation via both alternative and classical pathways. In addition, AGE-2c-I augmented the production of various cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α, by peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, intravenous (i.v.) administration of AGE-2c-I dose-dependently enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity against YAC-1 lymphoma. In experimental lung metastasis, prophylactic i.v. administration of AGE-2c-I inhibited lung metastasis by 58% at 100 ㎍/mouse. From the above results, we suggest that AGE-2c-I purified from A. gigas has potent immune system-stimulating activities, and is a potentially promising food ingredient beneficial to human health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.167-174
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• 2014

Tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis are three closely related processes. We therefore investigated the effects of barbigerone on all three in the B16F10 tumor model established in both zebrafish and mouse models, and explored underlying molecular mechanisms. In vitro, barbigerone inhibited B16F10 cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion and suppressed human umbilical vascular endothelial cell migration, invasion and tube formation in concentration-dependent manners. In the transgenic zebrafish model, treatment with $10{\mu}M$ barbigerone remarkably inhibited angiogenesis and tumor-associated angiogenesis by reducing blood vessel development more than 90%. In vivo, barbigerone significantly suppressed angiogenesis as measured by H and E staining of matrigel plugs and CD31 staining of B16F10 melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, it exhibited highly potent activity at inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis to the lung of B16F10 melanoma cells injected into C57BL/6 mice. Western blotting revealed that barbigerone inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, FAK and MAPK family members, including ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, in B16F10 cells mainly through the MEK3/6/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested for the first time that barbigerone could inhibit tumor-angiogenesis, tumor growth and lung metastasis via downregulation of the MEK3/6/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The findings support further investigation of barbigerone as a potential anti-cancer drug.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.4203-4208
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• 2012

Aim: This study assessed if onfFN mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with DTC can identify individuals with metastatic disease. Methods: Comparison of onfFN mRNA was made among 3 groups: disease-free, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis using real-time RT-PCR on 5 ml blood samples from each DTC patient. Results: Fifty-one patients were included: 30 (59%) were disease-free; 7 (13.7%) had lymph node metastasis; and 14 (27.5%) had distant metastasis. OnfFN mRNA levels in the 3 groups were significantly different (P=0.001) but with a large overlap and the expression being highest in the disease-free group. Subgroup analysis of the metastatic groups did not show any effect of age, cell type, and serum TSH, Tg, and antiTg on onfFN mRNA. The within-run and between-run root mean square coefficients of variations were <2%. Conclusion: OnfFN mRNA in patients with DTC cannot identify those with metastatic disease.